Wang Wenhu, Nadagouda Mallikarjuna N, Mukhopadhyay Sharmila M
Frontier Institute for Research in Sensor Technologies (FIRST), The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
Graduate School, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Oct 13;12(20):3593. doi: 10.3390/nano12203593.
Advanced catalysts are crucial for a wide range of chemical, pharmaceutical, energy, and environmental applications. They can reduce energy barriers and increase reaction rates for desirable transformations, making many critical large-scale processes feasible, eco-friendly, energy-efficient, and affordable. Advances in nanotechnology have ushered in a new era for heterogeneous catalysis. Nanoscale catalytic materials are known to surpass their conventional macro-sized counterparts in performance and precision, owing it to their ultra-high surface activities and unique size-dependent quantum properties. In water treatment, nanocatalysts can offer significant promise for novel and ecofriendly pollutant degradation technologies that can be tailored for customer-specific needs. In particular, nano-palladium catalysts have shown promise in degrading larger molecules, making them attractive for mitigating emerging contaminants. However, the applicability of nanomaterials, including nanocatalysts, in practical deployable and ecofriendly devices, is severely limited due to their easy proliferation into the service environment, which raises concerns of toxicity, material retrieval, reusability, and related cost and safety issues. To overcome this limitation, matrix-supported hybrid nanostructures, where nanocatalysts are integrated with other solids for stability and durability, can be employed. The interaction between the support and nanocatalysts becomes important in these materials and needs to be well investigated to better understand their physical, chemical, and catalytic behavior. This review paper presents an overview of recent studies on matrix-supported Pd-nanocatalysts and highlights some of the novel emerging concepts. The focus is on suitable approaches to integrate nanocatalysts in water treatment applications to mitigate emerging contaminants including halogenated molecules. The state-of-the-art supports for palladium nanocatalysts that can be deployed in water treatment systems are reviewed. In addition, research opportunities are emphasized to design robust, reusable, and ecofriendly nanocatalyst architecture.
先进催化剂对于广泛的化学、制药、能源和环境应用至关重要。它们可以降低能垒并提高所需转化反应的速率，使许多关键的大规模工艺变得可行、环保、节能且经济实惠。纳米技术的进步开创了多相催化的新时代。众所周知，纳米级催化材料在性能和精度方面超越了传统的宏观尺寸材料，这归因于它们的超高表面活性和独特的尺寸依赖性量子特性。在水处理中，纳米催化剂为可针对客户特定需求定制的新型环保污染物降解技术带来了巨大希望。特别是，纳米钯催化剂在降解较大分子方面显示出前景，使其在减轻新出现的污染物方面具有吸引力。然而，包括纳米催化剂在内的纳米材料在实际可部署且环保的设备中的适用性受到严重限制，因为它们容易扩散到使用环境中，这引发了对毒性、材料回收、可重复使用性以及相关成本和安全问题的担忧。为了克服这一限制，可以采用基质负载的混合纳米结构，即将纳米催化剂与其他固体结合以提高稳定性和耐久性。在这些材料中，载体与纳米催化剂之间的相互作用变得很重要，需要进行充分研究以更好地理解它们的物理、化学和催化行为。这篇综述文章概述了近期关于基质负载钯纳米催化剂的研究，并突出了一些新出现的概念。重点是在水处理应用中整合纳米催化剂以减轻包括卤代分子在内的新出现污染物的合适方法。对可用于水处理系统的钯纳米催化剂的现有载体进行了综述。此外，强调了设计坚固、可重复使用且环保的纳米催化剂结构的研究机会。
