Tsiakos Konstantinos, Gavrielatou Niki, Vathiotis Ioannis A, Chatzis Loukas, Chatzis Stamatios, Poulakou Garyfallia, Kotteas Elias, Syrigos Nikolaos K
3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece.
Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Oct 7;10(10):1673. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10101673.
A vital function of the immune system is the modulation of an evolving immune response. It is responsible for guarding against a wide variety of pathogens as well as the establishment of memory responses to some future hostile encounters. Simultaneously, it maintains self-tolerance and minimizes collateral tissue damage at sites of inflammation. In recent years, the regulation of T-cell responses to foreign or self-protein antigens and maintenance of balance between T-cell subsets have been linked to a distinct class of cell surface and extracellular components, the immune checkpoint molecules. The fact that both cancer and viral infections exploit similar, if not the same, immune checkpoint molecules to escape the host immune response highlights the need to study the impact of immune checkpoint blockade on viral infections. More importantly, the process through which immune checkpoint blockade completely changed the way we approach cancer could be the key to decipher the potential role of immunotherapy in the therapeutic algorithm of viral infections. This review focuses on the effect of programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 blockade on the outcome of viral infections in cancer patients as well as the potential benefit from the incorporation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in treatment of viral infections.
免疫系统的一项重要功能是调节不断演变的免疫反应。它负责抵御多种病原体，并对未来的一些敌对遭遇建立记忆反应。同时，它维持自身耐受性，并将炎症部位的附带组织损伤降至最低。近年来，T细胞对外源或自身蛋白抗原反应的调节以及T细胞亚群之间平衡的维持与一类独特的细胞表面和细胞外成分，即免疫检查点分子有关。癌症和病毒感染利用相似（如果不是相同）的免疫检查点分子来逃避宿主免疫反应，这一事实凸显了研究免疫检查点阻断对病毒感染影响的必要性。更重要的是，免疫检查点阻断彻底改变我们治疗癌症方式的过程可能是解读免疫疗法在病毒感染治疗方案中潜在作用的关键。本综述重点关注程序性细胞死亡蛋白1/程序性死亡配体1阻断对癌症患者病毒感染结局的影响，以及在病毒感染治疗中加入免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）的潜在益处。
