Abadi Dariush Ranjbar Vakil, Tahmasbizadeh Masoumeh, Arfaeinia Hossein, Masjedi Mohammad Reza, Ramavandi Bahman, Poureshgh Yousef
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Feb;30(9):22728-22742. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23822-y. Epub 2022 Oct 28.
Fresh tobacco or the smoke resulting from waterpipe and cigarette contains large amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which consumption can cause releasing of these contaminants into the indoor air of cigarette and waterpipe cafés. This study was conducted to investigate the urinary concentrations of unmetabolized PAH compounds among the employed workers as well as the customers in waterpipe and cigarette cafés along with its association with oxidative stress factors plus kidney injury biomarkers. For this, 35 staffs and 35 customers in these cafés (as an exposed group (EG)), 20 staffs in non-smoking cafés (as 1st control group (CG-1)), and 20 of the public population (as 2nd control group 2 (CG-2)) were chosen and their urine specimens were collected. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between urinary concentration of ƩPAHs in the exposed and control groups (P value < 0.05). Also, "type of tobacco" can be considered as an influential and determining factor for the urinary levels of PAHs among the subjects. Considering the contribution of PAHs to the total toxic equivalents, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DahA), and fluoranthene (Flrt) with 32.76%, 27.62%, and 18.65% claimed the largest share in waterpipe/cigarette cafés. The results also indicated a positive and significant relationship between some PAHs and oxidative stress biomarkers as well as uKIM-1 (biomarker for assessing and diagnosing glomerular damage) and TIMP-1 (biomarker of stress in primary steps of injury in tubular cell). Thus, it can be expressed that the workers of these smoking cafés are prone to the detrimental health impacts. Accordingly, proper policies and decisions should be taken to limit the activity of these cafés or proper protective strategies should be adopted to protect the health of exposed individuals.
新鲜烟草或水烟和香烟产生的烟雾含有大量多环芳烃（PAHs），吸食这些会导致这些污染物释放到水烟馆和香烟馆的室内空气中。本研究旨在调查水烟馆和香烟馆的在职员工以及顾客中未代谢PAH化合物的尿液浓度，及其与氧化应激因素和肾损伤生物标志物的关联。为此，选取了这些馆内的35名员工和35名顾客（作为暴露组（EG））、非吸烟馆的20名员工（作为第一对照组（CG-1））以及20名普通人群（作为第二对照组（CG-2）），并收集了他们的尿液样本。结果表明，暴露组和对照组尿液中总PAHs浓度存在显著差异（P值<0.05）。此外，“烟草类型”可被视为影响研究对象尿液中PAHs水平的一个决定性因素。考虑到PAHs对总毒性当量的贡献，苯并[a]芘（BaP）、二苯并[a,h]蒽（DahA）和荧蒽（Flrt）在水烟馆/香烟馆中占比最大，分别为32.76%、27.62%和18.65%。结果还表明，一些PAHs与氧化应激生物标志物以及尿肾损伤分子-1（评估和诊断肾小球损伤的生物标志物）和金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1（肾小管细胞损伤初级阶段应激的生物标志物）之间存在正相关且显著的关系。因此，可以说这些吸烟馆的工作人员容易受到有害健康的影响。相应地，应采取适当政策和决策来限制这些馆的经营活动，或者应采取适当的保护策略来保护暴露个体的健康。
