Health Economist, Health Policy Institute, American Dental Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Health Serv Res. 2023 Jun;58(3):705-732. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.14095. Epub 2022 Nov 14.
To examine the factors that account for differences in dentist earnings between White and minoritized dentists.
We used data from the American Dental Association's Survey of dental practice, which includes information on 2001-2018 dentist net income, practice ZIP code, patient mix between private and public insurance, and dentist gender, age, and year of dental school graduation. We merged the data on dentist race and ethnicity and school of graduation from the American Dental Association masterfile. Based on practice ZIP code, we also merged the data on local area racial and ethnic composition from the American Community Survey.
We used a linear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition to assess observable characteristics that explain the gap in earnings between White and minoritized dentists. To assess differences in earnings between White and minoritized dentists at different points of the income distribution, we used a re-centered influence function and estimated an unconditional quantile Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition.
We extracted data for 22,086 dentists ages 25-85 who worked at least 8 weeks per year and 20 hours per week.
Observable characteristics accounted for 58% of the earnings gap between White and Asian dentists, 55% of the gap between White and Hispanic dentists, and 31% of the gap between White and Black dentists. The gap in earnings between White and Asian dentists narrowed at higher quantiles of the income distribution.
Compared to other minoritized dentists, Black dentists have the largest earnings disparities relative to White dentists. While the level of the explained component of the disparity for Black dentists is comparable to the explained part of the disparities for other minoritized dentists, the excess percentage of the unexplained component for Black dentists accounts for the additional amount of disparity that Black dentists experienced. Persistent income disparities could discourage minoritized dentists from entering the profession.
探讨导致白人和少数族裔牙医收入差异的因素。
我们使用了美国牙科协会（American Dental Association）的牙科实践调查（Survey of dental practice）的数据，其中包括 2001 年至 2018 年牙医净收入、执业邮政编码、私人和公共保险患者混合比例以及牙医性别、年龄和毕业年份的信息。我们合并了美国牙科协会主文件中的牙医种族和民族以及毕业学校的数据。根据执业邮政编码，我们还合并了美国社区调查（American Community Survey）中有关当地种族和民族构成的数据。
我们使用线性 Blinder-Oaxaca 分解来评估解释白人和少数族裔牙医收入差距的可观察特征。为了评估收入分布不同点上白人和少数族裔牙医之间的收入差异，我们使用了重新中心化影响函数（re-centered influence function）并估计了无条件分位数 Blinder-Oaxaca 分解。
我们提取了至少工作 8 周/年和 20 小时/周的 22086 名 25-85 岁牙医的数据。
可观察特征解释了白人和亚裔牙医之间 58%的收入差距、白人和西班牙裔牙医之间 55%的差距以及白人和非裔牙医之间 31%的差距。白人和亚裔牙医之间的收入差距在收入分布的较高分位数上缩小。
与其他少数族裔牙医相比，非裔牙医与白种牙医的收入差距最大。虽然黑人群体的收入差距解释部分与其他少数族裔牙医的差距解释部分相当，但黑人群体未解释部分的超额百分比解释了黑人群体经历的额外差距。持续存在的收入差距可能会阻碍少数族裔牙医进入该行业。
