Lin Min, Cao Haishan, Li Junming
Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for CO(2) Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for CO(2) Utilization and Reduction Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Acta Biomater. 2023 Jan 1;155:35-56. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.056. Epub 2022 Oct 30.
The cryopreservation of biomaterials is fundamental to modern biotechnology and biomedicine, but the biggest challenge is the formation of ice, resulting in fatal cryoinjury to biomaterials. To date, abundant ice control strategies have been utilized to inhibit ice formation and thus improve cryopreservation efficiency. This review focuses on the mechanisms of existing control strategies regulating ice formation and the corresponding applications to biomaterial cryopreservation, which are of guiding significance for the development of ice control strategies. Herein, basics related to biomaterial cryopreservation are introduced first. Then, the theoretical bases of ice nucleation, growth, and recrystallization are presented, from which the key factors affecting each process are analyzed, respectively. Ice nucleation is mainly affected by melting temperature, interfacial tension, shape factor, and kinetic prefactor, and ice growth is mainly affected by solution viscosity and cooling/warming rate, while ice recrystallization is inhibited by adsorption or diffusion mechanisms. Furthermore, the corresponding research methods and specific control strategies for each process are summarized. The review ends with an outlook of the current challenges and future perspectives in cryopreservation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ice formation is the major limitation of cryopreservation, which causes fatal cryoinjury to cryopreserved biomaterials. This review focuses on the three processes related to ice formation, called nucleation, growth, and recrystallization. The theoretical models, key influencing factors, research methods and corresponding ice control strategies of each process are summarized and discussed, respectively. The systematic introduction on mechanisms and control strategies of ice formation is instructive for the cryopreservation development.
生物材料的冷冻保存是现代生物技术和生物医学的基础，但最大的挑战是冰的形成，这会对生物材料造成致命的冷冻损伤。迄今为止，人们已经采用了大量的控冰策略来抑制冰的形成，从而提高冷冻保存效率。本综述聚焦于现有调控冰形成的控冰策略的机制及其在生物材料冷冻保存中的相应应用，这对控冰策略的发展具有指导意义。在此，首先介绍与生物材料冷冻保存相关的基础知识。然后，阐述冰成核、生长和重结晶的理论基础，并分别分析影响每个过程的关键因素。冰成核主要受熔化温度、界面张力、形状因子和动力学前置因子的影响，冰生长主要受溶液粘度和冷却/升温速率的影响，而冰重结晶则受吸附或扩散机制的抑制。此外，还总结了每个过程相应的研究方法和具体的控冰策略。综述最后展望了冷冻保存当前面临的挑战和未来前景。重要性声明：冰的形成是冷冻保存的主要限制因素，会对冷冻保存的生物材料造成致命的冷冻损伤。本综述聚焦于与冰形成相关的三个过程，即成核、生长和重结晶。分别总结和讨论了每个过程的理论模型、关键影响因素、研究方法及相应的控冰策略。对冰形成机制和控冰策略的系统介绍对冷冻保存的发展具有指导意义。
