Flockhart Mikael, Nilsson Lina C, Ekblom Björn, Larsen Filip J
The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, The Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, 114 33, Stockholm, Sweden.
Sports Med Open. 2022 Nov 4;8(1):136. doi: 10.1186/s40798-022-00523-x.
The concept of overreaching and super compensation is widely in use by athletes and coaches seeking to maximize performance and adaptations to exercise training. The physiological aspects of acute fatigue, overreaching and non-functional overreaching are, however, not well understood, and well-defined negative physiological outcomes are missing. Instead, the concept relies heavily on performance outcomes for differentiating between the states. Recent advancements in the field of integrated exercise physiology have associated maladaptations in muscular oxidative function to high loads of exercise training.
Eleven female and male subjects that exercised regularly but did not engage in high-intensity interval training (HIIT) were recruited to a 4-week long training intervention where the responses to different training loads were studied. Highly monitored HIIT sessions were performed on a cycle ergometer in a progressive fashion with the intent to accomplish a training overload. Throughout the intervention, physiological and psychological responses to HIIT were assessed, and the results were used to construct a diagnostic model that could indicate maladaptations during excessive training loads.
We here use mitochondrial function as an early marker of excessive training loads and show the dynamic responses of several physiological and psychological measurements during different training loads. During HIIT, a loss of mitochondrial function was associated with reduced glycolytic, glucoregulatory and heart rate responses and increased ratings of perceived exertion in relation to several physiological measurements. The profile of mood states was highly affected after excessive training loads, whereas performance staled rather than decreased. By implementing five of the most affected and relevant measured parameters in a diagnostic model, we could successfully, and in all the subjects, identify the training loads that lead to maladaptations.
As mitochondrial parameters cannot be assessed without donating a muscle biopsy, this test can be used by coaches and exercise physiologists to monitor adaptation to exercise training for improving performance and optimizing the health benefits of exercise. Clinical trial registry number NCT04753021 . Retrospectively registered 2021-02-12.
过度训练和超量恢复的概念被运动员和教练广泛应用，以寻求最大限度地提高运动表现和适应运动训练。然而，急性疲劳、过度训练和非功能性过度训练的生理方面尚未得到充分理解，且缺乏明确界定的负面生理结果。相反，该概念在很大程度上依赖于运动表现结果来区分不同状态。综合运动生理学领域的最新进展已将肌肉氧化功能的适应不良与高强度运动训练负荷联系起来。
招募了11名有规律锻炼但未进行高强度间歇训练（HIIT）的男性和女性受试者，进行为期4周的训练干预，研究他们对不同训练负荷的反应。在功率自行车上以渐进方式进行高度监测的HIIT训练，旨在实现训练过载。在整个干预过程中，评估对HIIT的生理和心理反应，并将结果用于构建一个诊断模型，该模型可以指示过度训练负荷期间的适应不良情况。
我们在此将线粒体功能用作过度训练负荷的早期标志物，并展示了不同训练负荷期间几种生理和心理测量指标的动态反应。在HIIT期间，线粒体功能的丧失与糖酵解、血糖调节和心率反应的降低以及与多种生理测量指标相关的主观用力感觉评分增加有关。过度训练负荷后，情绪状态剖面图受到高度影响，而运动表现停滞而非下降。通过在诊断模型中纳入五个受影响最大且最相关的测量参数，我们能够成功地在所有受试者中识别出导致适应不良的训练负荷。
由于不进行肌肉活检就无法评估线粒体参数，教练和运动生理学家可以使用此测试来监测对运动训练的适应情况，以提高运动表现并优化运动对健康的益处。临床试验注册号NCT04753021。于2021年2月12日进行回顾性注册。
