Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 2720 Faucette Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
Environ Entomol. 2022 Dec 16;51(6):1077-1085. doi: 10.1093/ee/nvac088.
The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has killed millions of ash (Fraxinus spp.) trees across North America. Classical biological control using introductions of parasitoid wasps may provide a sustainable approach to managing this invasive insect. However, the establishment of parasitoids in the southern United States has been difficult. The phenology of emerald ash borer was studied in central North Carolina to inform biological control efforts that better align with the seasonal availability of susceptible emerald ash borer life stages in the warm climate of this region. Biweekly emerald ash borer life stage assessments were conducted in stands of infested green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, Lamiales: Oleaceae) over 26 consecutive months (June 2019 through August 2021). Adult trapping was also conducted in these stands in the spring and summer of 2019, 2020, and 2021. Based on these collections, emerald ash borer exhibits a univoltine (1-yr) life cycle. Parasitoid-susceptible larvae (third and fourth instars in galleries) are present from late June through October (~1,100-3,000 degree days base 10ºC) and are mostly absent during the remainder of the year. Parasitoid release timings and the life history of selected parasitoid species should be aligned with this window of host availability to be effective. This characterization of emerald ash borer phenology and voltinism will help improve the timing and effectiveness of management efforts as this forest pest continues to spread in southern North America.
翡翠灰螟，Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire（鞘翅目：扁甲科），已在北美洲杀死了数百万棵灰树（Fraxinus spp.）。利用引入寄生蜂进行的经典生物防治可能为管理这种入侵昆虫提供一种可持续的方法。然而，在美国南部建立寄生蜂一直很困难。为了在该地区温暖的气候下，使生物防治措施更好地与易受翡翠灰螟侵害的各个生命阶段的季节性供应保持一致，在北卡罗来纳州中部对翡翠灰螟的物候学进行了研究。在 26 个连续的月份（2019 年 6 月至 2021 年 8 月）中，对受感染的绿灰（Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall，Lamiales：Oleaceae）林分中的翡翠灰螟各个生命阶段进行了两周一次的评估。2019 年、2020 年和 2021 年的春夏两季还在这些林分中进行了成虫诱捕。根据这些收集结果，翡翠灰螟表现出单化（1 年）的生命周期。在 6 月下旬至 10 月（约 1,100-3,000 度日，以 10°C 为基数）期间存在易受寄生蜂侵害的幼虫（在坑道中的 3 龄和 4 龄幼虫），而在一年中的其余时间大部分幼虫不存在。释放寄生蜂的时间和选定寄生蜂物种的生活史应与宿主的这种可利用期保持一致，以便发挥作用。这种对翡翠灰螟物候学和化性的描述将有助于提高管理措施的时机和效果，因为这种森林害虫在北美南部继续蔓延。
