Alsaleh Mohd, Abdul-Rahim Abdul Samad
Sunwah International Business School, Liaoning University, Liaoning, China.
School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Feb;30(9):24223-24241. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-23377-y. Epub 2022 Nov 5.
There are many advantages of geothermal energy as an environmentally friendly resource; however, there are quite a several challenges that need to be overcome to completely harness sustainable and renewable energy that is also natural. The primary aim of this study is to examine what influence geothermal energy will have on land use changes among the considered 27 states in the European Union from the time being 1990 to 2021. The study adopts the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL); the findings show that geothermal energy growth could be leveraged to achieve remarkable growth in land use change among the 13 European developing economies than among the 14 EU developed economies. On the other hand, results from analysis further show that a remarkable decrease in land use change could be better attained among the 14 EU developed economies that among the 13 EU developing economies as a result of institutional quality. Furthermore, the result suggests that through economic growth, there could be a remarkable increase in land use change among the 14 EU developed economies than among the 13 EU developing economies. It was further revealed by the study that the level of land use change among the 27 EU nations could be remarkably increased, boosting the level of geothermal energy production that will assist in attaining the aims behind the 2030 energy union. This will eventually help in curbing the incidence of climate change and pollution in the environment; the projected calculations are observed to be valid, as confirmed through the chosen three estimators for this research. The chosen estimators are the pooled mean group, mean group, and dynamic fixed effect. The regulations and governors in 27 European Union countries should give priority to using geothermal in their renewable energy mix to reduce the incidence of changes in land structures. Also, an increased level of efficiency and effectiveness should be made to the generation of geothermal energy by state actors and investors to prompt sustainability and attainability with no further depreciation in agricultural and forest natural states.
地热能作为一种环境友好型资源有诸多优势；然而，要完全利用这种可持续、可再生且天然的能源，还需克服不少挑战。本研究的主要目的是考察1990年至2021年期间，地热能对欧盟27个成员国土地利用变化有何影响。该研究采用自回归分布滞后模型（ARDL）；研究结果表明，与14个欧盟发达经济体相比，利用地热能增长可推动13个欧洲发展中经济体在土地利用变化方面实现显著增长。另一方面，分析结果进一步表明，由于制度质量，14个欧盟发达经济体在土地利用变化方面的显著下降幅度要大于13个欧盟发展中经济体。此外，研究结果表明，通过经济增长，14个欧盟发达经济体在土地利用变化方面的增幅将大于13个欧盟发展中经济体。研究还进一步揭示，27个欧盟国家的土地利用变化水平可显著提高，从而提升地热能产量水平，这将有助于实现2030年能源联盟的目标。这最终将有助于遏制气候变化和环境污染的发生；通过为本研究选择的三种估计方法证实，预计计算结果是有效的。所选择的估计方法是混合平均组、平均组和动态固定效应。欧盟27个国家的监管机构和政府应优先在其可再生能源组合中使用地热能，以减少土地结构变化的发生率。此外，国家行为体和投资者应提高地热能生产的效率和效益，以促进可持续性和可实现性，同时避免农业和森林自然状态的进一步退化。
