Departmenet of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
Division of Translational Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 United States.
Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2022 Nov;35:36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.06.002. Epub 2022 Jun 9.
More than 50 years after the Apollo missions ended, the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) and other international space agencies are preparing a return to the moon as a step towards deep space exploration. At doses ranging from a fraction of a Gray (Gy) to a few Gy, crew will be at risk for developing bone marrow failure associated with the hematopoietic subsyndrome of acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS) requiring pharmacological intervention to reduce risk to life and mission completion. Four medical countermeasures (MCM) in the colony stimulating factor class of drugs are now approved for treatment of myelosuppression associated with ARS. When taken in conjunction with antibiotics, fluids, antidiarrheals, antiemetics, antipyretics, and other treatments for symptomatic illness, the likelihood for recovery and mission completion can be greatly improved. The current review describes the performance and health risks of deep space flight, ionizing radiation exposure during crewed missions to the moon and Mars, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medical interventions to treat ARS. With an expansion of human exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), including near-term Lunar and future Mars missions, inclusion of MCMs to counteract ARS in the spaceflight kit will be critical for preserving crew health and performance.
在阿波罗任务结束 50 多年后，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）和其他国际太空机构正准备重返月球，作为探索深空的第一步。在从格雷（Gy）的一小部分到几个 Gy 的剂量范围内，机组人员有发生与急性辐射综合征（ARS）的造血亚综合征相关的骨髓衰竭的风险，需要进行药物干预以降低对生命和任务完成的风险。目前有四种集落刺激因子类药物的医疗对策（MCM）被批准用于治疗与 ARS 相关的骨髓抑制。当与抗生素、液体、止泻药、止吐药、解热药和其他对症治疗一起使用时，恢复和完成任务的可能性会大大提高。本文回顾了深空飞行的表现和健康风险、载人登月和火星任务期间的电离辐射暴露，以及美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）批准的治疗 ARS 的医疗干预措施。随着人类探索任务从近地轨道（LEO）扩展到月球和未来的火星，包括包括 MCM 在内的对策来对抗 ARS 将是保护机组人员健康和性能的关键。
