Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit Guwahati, 781022 (Assam), India.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2023;24(10):1245-1264. doi: 10.2174/1389201024666221104142457.
The nature of phages was a matter of dispute, which was resolved in 1940, and it was continued to develop their activity and application in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Bacteriophages were first employed in 1919 to treat bacterial illnesses caused by Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and . Bacteriophages range in complexity from simple spherical viruses with genome sizes of less than 5 kbp to complicated viruses with genome sizes surpassing 280 kbp. They have two significant parts, head and tail, and are made up of numerous copies of more than 40 distinct proteins. Bacteriophages have been demonstrated to bind with receptors in the walls of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, ranging from peptide sequences to polysaccharide moieties. Depending on the type of phage and the physiological state of the bacterium, the life cycle may diverge into the lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle. Lytic-lysogenic switch depends on a variety of inducing factors. Bacteriophage therapy can be administered via several routes, but parenteral routes are the most effective. Auto-dosing, single-dose potential, lack of cross-resistance with antibiotics, etc., are several advantages of phage therapy over antibiotic treatment. Bacteriophages are attracting much attention because of their potential advantages and wide applications as antibacterial agents, diagnostic technologies, phage-based products, and biocontrol agents. They also have several applications in the food industry, agriculture/crop, farm animal and bee protection, environmental, and biosensor development.
噬菌体的性质曾存在争议，这一争议在 1940 年得以解决，此后，噬菌体在苏联和东欧的活性和应用得到了持续发展。噬菌体于 1919 年首次被用于治疗由柠檬酸杆菌、肠杆菌属和其他细菌引起的细菌感染。噬菌体的复杂程度从基因组大小小于 5 kbp 的简单球形病毒到基因组大小超过 280 kbp 的复杂病毒不等。它们有两个重要部分，头部和尾部，由许多不同的蛋白质组成，数量超过 40 个。噬菌体已被证明可以与革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的细胞壁上的受体结合，其结合受体的种类从肽序列到多糖部分都有。根据噬菌体的类型和细菌的生理状态，生命周期可能会分为裂解周期或溶原周期。裂解-溶原开关取决于多种诱导因素。噬菌体治疗可以通过多种途径进行，但肠外途径是最有效的。与抗生素治疗相比，噬菌体治疗具有自动给药、单次剂量潜力、与抗生素无交叉耐药性等优势。噬菌体作为抗菌剂、诊断技术、基于噬菌体的产品和生物防治剂具有潜在的优势和广泛的应用，因此引起了人们的极大关注。它们在食品工业、农业/作物、农场动物和蜜蜂保护、环境和生物传感器开发等领域也有多种应用。
