166719University of the District of Columbia, College of Arts and Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2022 Jan-Dec;21:15330338221137303. doi: 10.1177/15330338221137303.
Oxidative stress resulted from reactive oxygen or nitrogen species in biological systems has a significant role in the diagnosis/progression of several human diseases. Human diseases associated with oxidative stress include Alzheimer's disease, chronic lung disease, chronic renal failure, cancer, diabetes, and fibrosis. In oxidative stress conditions, carbonylation process can be described as one of the most common modifications in biomolecules that takes place in the presence of carbonyl (C = O) groups which are introduced into molecules by direct metal-catalyzed oxidation of certain amino acids or indirectly by reaction with the oxidation of lipids and sugars. At a molecular cellular level, carbonylation can cause some defective biological consequences or chemical transformations in cells. During this process, specifically, carbonylated proteins can be accumulated in cells and trigger to develop some diseases in human body. The role of the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in the progression of several diseases has also been reported in the literature, such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, aging, and cancer. Early detection of carbonylation process is, therefore, very critical to monitor these diseases at an early stage. Finding a suitable biomarker or probe is very challenging due to the need for multiple criteria: high fluorescence efficiency, stability, toxicity, and permeability. If they are designed with a good strategy, these probes are highly effective in cell biology applications and they can be used as good diagnostic tools for monitoring oxidative stress-induced carbonylation in relevant diseases. This review highlights the design and use of recent fluorescent probes for visualization of carbonylation in cellular systems and the relationship between oxidative stress and carbonyl species for causing long-term disease complications.
生物体系中活性氧或氮物种引起的氧化应激在几种人类疾病的诊断/进展中起着重要作用。与氧化应激相关的人类疾病包括阿尔茨海默病、慢性肺病、慢性肾衰竭、癌症、糖尿病和纤维化。在氧化应激条件下，羰基化过程可以被描述为生物分子中最常见的修饰之一，它发生在羰基（C=O）基团存在的情况下，这些羰基基团通过直接金属催化氧化某些氨基酸或间接通过与脂质和糖的氧化反应引入分子中。在分子细胞水平上，羰基化可以在细胞中引起一些缺陷的生物学后果或化学转化。在这个过程中，特别是羰基化蛋白可以在细胞中积累，并引发人体某些疾病。文献中也报道了羰基化蛋白在几种疾病进展中的积累作用，如神经退行性疾病、糖尿病、肥胖症、衰老和癌症。因此，早期检测羰基化过程对于在早期阶段监测这些疾病非常重要。由于需要满足多个标准，因此找到合适的生物标志物或探针非常具有挑战性：高荧光效率、稳定性、毒性和通透性。如果设计策略得当，这些探针在细胞生物学应用中非常有效，并且可以作为监测相关疾病中氧化应激诱导的羰基化的良好诊断工具。本综述重点介绍了用于可视化细胞体系中羰基化的荧光探针的设计和使用，以及氧化应激与羰基物种之间的关系，以导致长期疾病并发症。
