Penndorf Julia, Ewart Kyle M, Klump Barbara Christina, Martin John M, Aplin Lucy M
Cognitive and Cultural Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.
Australian Museum Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
J Anim Ecol. 2023 Jan;92(1):171-182. doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.13839. Epub 2022 Nov 22.
A preference to associate with kin facilitates inclusive fitness benefits, and increased tolerance or cooperation between kin may be an added benefit of group living. Many species exhibit preferred associations with kin; however, it is often hard to disentangle active preferences from passive overlap, for example caused by limited dispersal or inheritance of social position. Many parrots exhibit social systems consisting of pair-bonded individuals foraging in variably sized fission-fusion flocks within larger communal roosts of hundreds of individuals. Previous work has shown that, despite these fission-fusion dynamics, individuals can exhibit long-term preferred foraging associations outside their pair bonds. Yet the underlying drivers of these social preferences remain largely unknown. In this study, we use a network approach to examine the influence of kinship on social associations and interactions in wild, communally roosting sulphur-crested cockatoos, Cacatua galerita. We recorded roost co-membership, social associations and interactions in 561 individually marked birds across three neighbouring roosts. We then collected genetic samples from 205 cockatoos, and conducted a relationship analysis to construct a kinship network. Finally, we tested correlations between kinship and four social networks: association, affiliative, low-intensity aggression and high-intensity aggression. Our result showed that while roosting groups were clearly defined, they showed little genetic differentiation or kin structuring. Between roost movement was high, with juveniles, especially females, repeatedly moving between roosts. Both within roosting communities, and when visiting different roosts, individuals preferentially associated with kin. Supporting this, individuals were also more likely to allopreen kin. However, contrary to expectation, individuals preferred to direct aggression towards kin, with this effect only observed when individuals shared roost membership. By measuring social networks within and between large roosting groups, we could remove potential effects of passive spatial overlap on kin structuring. Our study reveals that sulphur-crested cockatoos actively prefer to associate with kin, both within and between roosting groups. By examining this across different interaction types, we further demonstrate that sulphur-crested cockatoos exhibit behavioural and context-dependent interaction rules towards kin. Our results help reveal the drivers of social association in this species, while adding to the evidence for social complexity in parrots.
与亲属交往的偏好有助于实现广义适合度的益处，而亲属之间更高的容忍度或合作可能是群居生活的额外好处。许多物种都表现出与亲属的偏好性交往；然而，通常很难区分主动偏好和被动重叠，例如由有限的扩散或社会地位的继承所导致的重叠。许多鹦鹉表现出由成对个体组成的社会系统，这些个体在由数百只个体组成的较大公共栖息地内大小可变的裂变融合群中觅食。先前的研究表明，尽管存在这些裂变融合动态，但个体在其配偶关系之外仍能表现出长期的偏好性觅食关联。然而，这些社会偏好的潜在驱动因素在很大程度上仍然未知。在本研究中，我们使用网络方法来研究亲属关系对野生群居的凤头鹦鹉（Cacatua galerita）的社会关联和互动的影响。我们记录了三个相邻栖息地中561只个体标记鸟类的栖息地共同成员关系、社会关联和互动。然后，我们从205只凤头鹦鹉身上采集了基因样本，并进行了关系分析以构建亲属关系网络。最后，我们测试了亲属关系与四个社会网络之间的相关性：关联网络、亲和网络、低强度攻击网络和高强度攻击网络。我们的结果表明，虽然栖息地群体有明确的定义，但它们几乎没有遗传分化或亲属结构。栖息地之间的移动性很高，幼鸟，尤其是雌性，会在不同栖息地之间反复移动。无论是在栖息群体内部，还是在访问不同栖息地时，个体都优先与亲属交往。支持这一点的是，个体也更有可能为亲属梳理羽毛。然而，与预期相反的是，个体更喜欢将攻击指向亲属，这种效应只在个体共享栖息地成员身份时才会观察到。通过测量大型栖息群体内部和之间的社会网络，我们可以消除被动空间重叠对亲属结构的潜在影响。我们的研究表明，凤头鹦鹉在栖息群体内部和之间都积极地更喜欢与亲属交往。通过在不同互动类型中研究这一点，我们进一步证明凤头鹦鹉对亲属表现出行为和情境依赖的互动规则。我们的结果有助于揭示该物种社会关联的驱动因素，同时增加了鹦鹉社会复杂性的证据。
