Stephenson Natasha, Pushparajah Kuberan, Wheeler Gavin, Deng Shujie, Schnabel Julia A, Simpson John M
School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina Children's Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.
J Imaging. 2022 Nov 8;8(11):304. doi: 10.3390/jimaging8110304.
This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of a virtual reality (VR) system line measurement tool using phantom data across three cardiac imaging modalities: three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The same phantoms were also measured using industry-standard image visualisation software packages. Two participants performed blinded measurements on volume-rendered images of standard phantoms both in VR and on an industry-standard image visualisation platform. The intra- and interrater reliability of the VR measurement method was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variance (CV). Measurement accuracy was analysed using Bland−Altman and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). VR measurements showed good intra- and interobserver reliability (ICC ≥ 0.99, p < 0.05; CV < 10%) across all imaging modalities. MAPE for VR measurements compared to ground truth were 1.6%, 1.6% and 7.7% in MRI, CT and 3DE datasets, respectively. Bland−Altman analysis demonstrated no systematic measurement bias in CT or MRI data in VR compared to ground truth. A small bias toward smaller measurements in 3DE data was seen in both VR (mean −0.52 mm [−0.16 to −0.88]) and the standard platform (mean −0.22 mm [−0.03 to −0.40]) when compared to ground truth. Limits of agreement for measurements across all modalities were similar in VR and standard software. This study has shown good measurement accuracy and reliability of VR in CT and MRI data with a higher MAPE for 3DE data. This may relate to the overall smaller measurement dimensions within the 3DE phantom. Further evaluation is required of all modalities for assessment of measurements <10 mm.
本研究旨在使用体模数据，评估虚拟现实（VR）系统线测量工具在三种心脏成像模态（三维超声心动图（3DE）、计算机断层扫描（CT）和磁共振成像（MRI））中的准确性和可靠性。同时，使用行业标准的图像可视化软件包对相同的体模进行测量。两名参与者在VR环境和行业标准图像可视化平台上，对标准体模的容积渲染图像进行了盲法测量。通过组内相关系数（ICC）和变异系数（CV）评估VR测量方法的组内和组间可靠性。使用Bland - Altman分析和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）分析测量准确性。VR测量在所有成像模态中均显示出良好的观察者内和观察者间可靠性（ICC≥0.99，p<0.05；CV<10%）。与真实值相比，VR测量在MRI、CT和3DE数据集中的MAPE分别为1.6%、1.6%和7.7%。Bland - Altman分析表明，与真实值相比，VR中CT或MRI数据不存在系统测量偏差。与真实值相比，在3DE数据中，VR（平均−0.52 mm[−0.16至−0.88]）和标准平台（平均−0.22 mm[−0.03至−0.40]）均出现了向较小测量值的小偏差。VR和标准软件中所有模态测量的一致性界限相似。本研究表明，VR在CT和MRI数据中具有良好的测量准确性和可靠性，但3DE数据的MAPE较高。这可能与3DE体模内总体较小的测量尺寸有关。对于<10 mm的测量评估，所有模态都需要进一步评估。
