School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Santiago de Querétaro 76130, Querétaro, Mexico.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 27;19(21):13988. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192113988.
The spread of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria is of great concern and the environment has been found to be a main source of contamination. Herein, it was proposed to determine the frequency of antimicrobial-resistant-Gram-negative bacteria throughout the Lerma River basin using phenotypic and molecular methods. Resistant bacteria were isolated with chromogenic media and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were used to characterize their resistance. ARGs for beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and quinolones were detected by PCR. Species were identified by Sanger sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and the representative genomes of MDR strains were sequenced by NGS. A high variation in the number of isolates was observed in the 20 sampled sites, while observing a low diversity among the resistant bacteria. Of the 12 identified bacterial groups, , , and were more predominant. A high frequency of resistance to beta-lactams, quinolones, and aminoglycosides was evidenced, where the B, S y, and (6')lb-cr genes were the most prevalent. showed the highest frequency of MDR strains. Whole genome sequencing revealed that and showed a high number of shared virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, while showed the highest number of unique genes. The contamination of the Lerma River with MDR strains carrying various ARGs should raise awareness among environmental authorities to assess the risks and regulations regarding the optimal hygienic and sanitary conditions for this important river that supports economic activities in the different communities in Mexico.
产β-内酰胺酶细菌的传播令人高度关注，环境已被发现是污染的主要来源。在此，我们提议使用表型和分子方法来确定莱尔马河流域中抗微生物革兰氏阴性菌的频率。使用显色培养基分离耐药菌，并进行抗菌药物敏感性试验以鉴定其耐药性。通过 PCR 检测β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类的 ARGs。通过 Sanger 测序 16S rRNA 基因鉴定种属，并用 NGS 测序 MDR 株的代表性基因组。在 20 个采样点观察到分离物数量的高度变化，而观察到耐药菌的多样性较低。在鉴定的 12 个细菌组中， 、 、 和 更为普遍。β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类的耐药率较高，其中 B、S y 和 (6')lb-cr 基因最为普遍。 显示出最高的 MDR 株频率。全基因组测序显示 和 显示出大量共享的毒力和抗微生物耐药基因，而 显示出最高数量的独特基因。含有各种 ARGs 的 MDR 菌株对莱尔马河的污染应引起环境当局的重视，以评估该重要河流的风险和法规，该河流支持墨西哥不同社区的经济活动，需要确保最佳的卫生和卫生条件。
