School of Applied Bioscience, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
Agriculture Research Institute, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mingora 19130, Pakistan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Oct 30;23(21):13225. doi: 10.3390/ijms232113225.
Seed or pod shattering in rice ( sativa) is considered to be one of the major factors involved in the domestication of rice as a crop. High seed shattering results in significant yield losses. In this study, we characterize the () that corresponds to the locus from a greenhouse screen, involving 145 Ac/Ds transposon mutant rice lines. The knockout mutant line exhibited a significantly high shattering of grains in comparison to the wild-type plants. The exogenous application of nitric oxide (NO) resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of in wild-type rice plants. The absence of , which encodes a putative armadillo/beta-catenin repeat family protein, resulted in high sensitivity of the plants to nitrosative stress. Interestingly, the basal expression levels of and genes (transcription factors that regulate seed-pod shattering in rice) were significantly lower in these plants than in wild-type plants; however, nitrosative stress negatively regulated the expression of and in both WT and plants, but positively regulated expression in plants alone. The expression levels of genes responsible for NO production (, and ) were lower in plants than in WT plants under normal conditions. However, under nitrosative stress, the expression of significantly increased in plants. The expression of (a negative regulator of seed shattering in rice) was significantly lower in plants, and we found that expression was correlated with -nitrosothiol (SNO) alteration in Interestingly , a rice mutant with high SNO levels, exhibited low seed shattering, whereas resulted in low SNO levels with high seed shattering. Therefore, is a novel gene that negatively regulates the shattering trait in rice via regulation of endogenous SNO levels. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of -mediated regulation of seed shattering and its interaction with nitric oxide and involvement in plant defense need to be investigated further.
水稻（稻亚种）的种子或荚果破碎被认为是水稻作为作物驯化的主要因素之一。高种子破碎会导致产量显著损失。在这项研究中，我们对从温室筛选中获得的对应于位点的突变体进行了特征描述，该突变体涉及 145 个 Ac/Ds 转座子突变体水稻系。与野生型植物相比，敲除突变体系 表现出明显更高的籽粒破碎率。一氧化氮（NO）的外源性应用导致野生型水稻植物中 的表达显著降低。编码假定的角蛋白/β-连环蛋白重复家族蛋白的 缺失导致 植物对硝化应激非常敏感。有趣的是，这些植物中 的和 基因（调节水稻种子荚破碎的转录因子）的基础表达水平明显低于野生型植物；然而，硝化应激负调控 WT 和 植物中 和 的表达，但仅正调控 植物中的 表达。在正常条件下， 植物中负责 NO 产生的基因（ 、 和 ）的表达水平低于 WT 植物。然而，在硝化应激下， 植物中的 表达显著增加。在正常条件下， 植物中 的表达水平低于 WT 植物。然而，在硝化应激下， 植物中的 表达显著增加。在正常条件下， 植物中负责 NO 产生的基因（ 、 和 ）的表达水平低于 WT 植物。然而，在硝化应激下， 植物中的 表达显著增加。 （水稻中种子破碎的负调节剂）的表达在 植物中显著降低，我们发现 表达与 中 -亚硝硫醇（SNO）的改变相关。有趣的是，一个具有高 SNO 水平的水稻突变体表现出低种子破碎率，而 导致低 SNO 水平和高种子破碎率。因此， 是一个通过调节内源性 SNO 水平来负调控水稻破碎性状的新基因。然而，需要进一步研究控制 -介导的种子破碎调节及其与一氧化氮的相互作用以及参与植物防御的分子机制。
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