School of Aeronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Nov 2;22(21):8435. doi: 10.3390/s22218435.
The suitability of touchscreens for human-computer interaction in manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative missions remains uncertain, especially in situations that are time-sensitive with variations in difficulty levels. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of touchscreen applications in manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative missions and the magnitude of the effects of time pressure and task difficulty. In contrast to previous studies, a combination of performance and perceptual load measures was used to divide errors into disposition errors, undetected errors, and miscalculation errors to explore specific error mechanisms, set up typical manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative human-computer interaction tasks, and set up antecedent features for potential factors. Thirty subjects participated in an experiment that required the use of touchscreens or keyboards to perform a human-computer interaction task in a simulated manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative mission. Experiments were set at three task difficulties: low, medium, and high, and were matched to a set time pressure or no time pressure for two seconds for low difficulty, three seconds for medium difficulty, and four seconds for high difficulty. The results showed that the touchscreens improved the participants' response speed at a time pressure of 2 s or less compared with the use of a general input device; however, the task error rate also increased significantly. The higher the task difficulty was, the worse the performance was and the greater the perceived workload of the participants. The application of touchscreens in dynamic environments subjected the participants to greater physical demands. The performance of participants using a keyboard was no better than that when touchscreens were used during the experiment. Moreover, touchscreens did not significantly improve participant performance. The results support the possibility of using touchscreens in manned/unmanned aerial vehicle cooperative missions.
在载人/无人机协同任务中，触摸屏用于人机交互的适用性仍不确定，尤其是在时间敏感且难度水平变化的情况下。本研究旨在确定触摸屏应用在载人/无人机协同任务中的可行性，以及时间压力和任务难度的影响程度。与以往的研究不同，本研究结合了绩效和感知负荷测量，将错误分为处置错误、未检测错误和误算错误，以探索特定的错误机制，设置典型的载人/无人机协同人机交互任务，并为潜在因素设置先行特征。三十名受试者参与了一项实验，要求他们使用触摸屏或键盘在模拟的载人/无人机协同任务中执行人机交互任务。实验设置了三个任务难度：低、中、高，并分别对应于设定的时间压力或无时间压力（低难度为 2 秒，中难度为 3 秒，高难度为 4 秒）。结果表明，与使用通用输入设备相比，在 2 秒或更短的时间压力下，触摸屏提高了参与者的响应速度；然而，任务错误率也显著增加。任务难度越高，参与者的表现越差，感知的工作负荷越大。在动态环境中使用触摸屏会对参与者的身体提出更高的要求。在实验过程中，参与者使用键盘的表现并不优于使用触摸屏时的表现。此外，触摸屏并没有显著提高参与者的表现。研究结果支持在载人/无人机协同任务中使用触摸屏的可能性。
