Studer Joseph, Marmet Simon, Wicki Matthias, Khazaal Yasser, Gmel Gerhard
Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Adult Psychiatry North-West, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Social Work, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, Switzerland.
J Psychiatr Res. 2022 Dec;156:602-610. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.036. Epub 2022 Oct 25.
Intense use of smartphones is associated with mental health problems and low well-being. However, little is known about the mental health and well-being of non- and low-level users. This study investigated the possibly non-linear associations between time spent using a smartphone, including non-users, and mental health and well-being among young adults.
Between 2016 and 2018, 5315 young Swiss men (M = 25.45 years old, SD = 1.25) completed a questionnaire assessing smartphone use, daily time spent using a smartphone, mental health and well-being (i.e. depression, social anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, life satisfaction, stress) and potential confounding variables (social capital, personality, education). The associations of smartphone use and time spent using a smartphone (linear and quadratic associations) with mental health and well-being were tested using regression models.
Non-users (4.3%) reported worse mental health and well-being than smartphone users on all outcomes. Time spent using a smartphone was linearly associated with higher rates of social anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and lower levels of life satisfaction. The association with stress was non-linear, with significant linear and quadratic coefficients of time spent using a smartphone. Associations were partially attributable to confounding variables (i.e. social capital, personality, and education).
Non-users and intense users of smartphones have lower levels of mental health and well-being than low-level users. Although society and mental health professionals are deeply concerned about the potentially negative consequences of the ever-increasing use of smartphones, the present study suggested that not using a smartphone may also indicate problems.
频繁使用智能手机与心理健康问题及幸福感较低有关。然而，对于不使用智能手机和低频率使用智能手机人群的心理健康及幸福感，我们知之甚少。本研究调查了包括不使用智能手机人群在内的年轻人使用智能手机的时长与心理健康及幸福感之间可能存在的非线性关联。
在2016年至2018年期间，5315名瑞士年轻男性（平均年龄M = 25.45岁，标准差SD = 1.25）完成了一份问卷，该问卷评估了智能手机使用情况、每日使用智能手机的时长、心理健康及幸福感（即抑郁、社交焦虑、注意力缺陷多动障碍、生活满意度、压力）以及潜在的混杂变量（社会资本、性格、教育程度）。使用回归模型检验了智能手机使用及使用时长（线性和二次项关联）与心理健康及幸福感之间的关联。
在所有指标上，不使用智能手机的人群（4.3%）报告的心理健康及幸福感均比使用智能手机的人群差。使用智能手机的时长与社交焦虑、抑郁、注意力缺陷多动障碍的发生率较高以及生活满意度较低呈线性相关。与压力的关联是非线性的，使用智能手机时长的线性和二次项系数均显著。这些关联部分可归因于混杂变量（即社会资本、性格和教育程度）。
不使用智能手机的人群和频繁使用智能手机的人群，其心理健康及幸福感水平低于低频率使用智能手机的人群。尽管社会和心理健康专业人士对智能手机使用日益增加可能产生的负面影响深感担忧，但本研究表明，不使用智能手机也可能预示着问题。
