Winkler Jan, Matsui Yasuhiro, Filla Jan, Vykydalová Lucie, Jiroušek Martin, Vaverková Magdalena Daria
Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Okayama University, Japan.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Feb 10;859(Pt 1):160160. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160160. Epub 2022 Nov 12.
Composting facilities are habitats where biological materials are bio-oxidized. Biological waste represents a source of plant species diaspores and may promote changes in the species composition of the surrounding. The studied composting facility is situated in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, Czech Republic. Four sites, the composting pile and three habitats nearby were chosen of different use and disturbance conditions. Phytosociological plots were recorded in each of the habitat and the results were processed using multivariate analyses of ecological data. The information about plant species indication values was also analysed: (i) the relationship between soil disturbance and plant species occurrence, (ii) seed dormancy, (iii) seed bank, and (iv) vector of seed dispersion. During the research, 119 plant taxa were found in total. Conditions of the composting process (frequent disturbances, excessive available nutrients, enough water, and supply of new diaspores) represent a challenge for plant species. The presence of plant diaspores in the biowaste is a reason why the fundamental principle of appropriate composting process has to be adhered to. Another important task is to give attention to the methods determining the share of living diaspores in the final compost, which is still missing in practice. Compost might become a vehicle for spreading weeds. The capacity of vegetation to survive and multiply on the premises of composting facilities increases the importance of vegetation monitoring and control of the adjacent areas. The usual occurrence of rural brownfields near composting facilities increases the risk of diaspores being transmitted into biowaste or compost, thus increasing the share of undesirable viable diaspores. Composting facilities generate specific synanthropic conditions for the vegetation. Therefore, the composting facility projects should take into consideration the surrounding areas and vegetation management. It is recommended that the project should include semi-natural vegetation, which can create efficient barriers to the spreading of undesirable ruderal plant species. The novelty of this study is the confirmation that composting facilities and compost become a new factor affecting vegetation, which has been disregarded so far. The link between composting facilities and vegetation has to be included in the legislation related to parameters of compost quality. Moreover, the issue of weeds, their reproductive organs and their spread should be considered in the guidelines for the design, location, construction, and operation of composting facilities.
堆肥设施是生物材料进行生物氧化的栖息地。生物废物是植物物种传播体的一个来源，可能会促使周边地区的物种组成发生变化。所研究的堆肥设施位于捷克共和国的波希米亚-摩拉维亚高地。选取了四个地点，即堆肥堆以及附近三个不同用途和干扰条件的栖息地。在每个栖息地记录了植物社会学样地，并使用生态数据的多变量分析对结果进行处理。还分析了有关植物物种指示值的信息：（i）土壤干扰与植物物种出现之间的关系，（ii）种子休眠，（iii）种子库，以及（iv）种子传播载体。在研究过程中，总共发现了119个植物分类单元。堆肥过程的条件（频繁干扰、过量的有效养分、充足的水分以及新传播体的供应）对植物物种构成了挑战。生物废物中存在植物传播体是必须坚持适当堆肥过程基本原则的一个原因。另一个重要任务是关注确定最终堆肥中活传播体比例的方法，而这在实践中仍然缺失。堆肥可能成为杂草传播的媒介。植被在堆肥设施场地存活和繁殖的能力增加了对相邻区域进行植被监测和控制的重要性。堆肥设施附近农村棕地的常见情况增加了传播体传入生物废物或堆肥的风险，从而增加了不良活传播体的比例。堆肥设施为植被创造了特定的伴人条件。因此，堆肥设施项目应考虑周边地区和植被管理。建议该项目应包括半自然植被，其可以对不良杂草植物物种的传播形成有效的屏障。本研究的新颖之处在于证实了堆肥设施和堆肥成为了一个迄今为止被忽视的影响植被的新因素。堆肥设施与植被之间的联系必须纳入与堆肥质量参数相关的立法中。此外，在堆肥设施的设计、选址、建设和运营指南中应考虑杂草问题、其繁殖器官及其传播。
