PNG Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Parasit Vectors. 2022 Nov 14;15(1):426. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05493-3.
Insecticide resistance (IR) monitoring is essential for evidence-based control of mosquito-borne diseases. While widespread pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles and Aedes species has been described in many countries, data for Papua New Guinea (PNG) are limited. Available data indicate that the local Anopheles populations in PNG remain pyrethroid-susceptible, making regular IR monitoring even more important. In addition, Aedes aegypti pyrethroid resistance has been described in PNG. Here, Anopheles and Aedes IR monitoring data generated from across PNG between 2017 and 2022 are presented.
Mosquito larvae were collected in larval habitat surveys and through ovitraps. Mosquitoes were reared to adults and tested using standard WHO susceptibility bioassays. DNA from a subset of Aedes mosquitoes was sequenced to analyse the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) region for any resistance-related mutations.
Approximately 20,000 adult female mosquitoes from nine PNG provinces were tested. Anopheles punctulatus sensu lato mosquitoes were susceptible to pyrethroids but there were signs of reduced mortality in some areas. Some Anopheles populations were also resistant to DDT. Tests also showed that Aedes. aegypti in PNG are resistant to pyrethroids and DDT and that there was also likelihood of bendiocarb resistance. A range of Vssc resistance mutations were identified. Aedes albopictus were DDT resistant and were likely developing pyrethroid resistance, given a low frequency of Vssc mutations was observed.
Aedes aegypti is highly pyrethroid resistant and also shows signs of resistance against carbamates in PNG. Anopheles punctulatus s.l. and Ae. albopictus populations exhibit low levels of resistance against pyrethroids and DDT in some areas. Pyrethroid-only bed nets are currently the only programmatic vector control tool used in PNG. It is important to continue to monitor IR in PNG and develop proactive insecticide resistance management strategies in primary disease vectors to retain pyrethroid susceptibility especially in the malaria vectors for as long as possible.
杀虫剂抗性（IR）监测对于基于证据的蚊媒疾病控制至关重要。虽然许多国家都描述了广泛的拟除虫菊酯抗性在按蚊和伊蚊属物种中，但有关巴布亚新几内亚（PNG）的数据有限。现有数据表明，PNG 当地的按蚊种群仍然对拟除虫菊酯敏感，因此定期进行 IR 监测更为重要。此外，PNG 也已描述了埃及伊蚊对拟除虫菊酯的抗性。本文呈现了 2017 年至 2022 年期间在 PNG 各地生成的按蚊和伊蚊 IR 监测数据。
在幼虫栖息地调查和诱卵器中收集幼虫。将蚊子饲养至成虫，并使用标准世卫组织敏感性生物测定进行测试。对一部分伊蚊的 DNA 进行测序，以分析电压敏感钠通道（Vssc）区域是否存在任何与抗性相关的突变。
测试了来自 PNG 九个省的大约 20000 只成年雌性蚊子。按蚊属长角亚属对拟除虫菊酯敏感，但在某些地区出现了死亡率降低的迹象。一些按蚊种群也对滴滴涕（DDT）有抗性。测试还表明，PNG 的埃及伊蚊对拟除虫菊酯和滴滴涕具有抗性，并且还可能对双硫磷具有抗性。鉴定出一系列 Vssc 抗性突变。白纹伊蚊对滴滴涕有抗性，并且由于观察到 Vssc 突变的频率较低，可能正在产生对拟除虫菊酯的抗性。
埃及伊蚊在 PNG 高度抗拟除虫菊酯，并且还表现出对氨基甲酸酯类的抗性迹象。在一些地区，按蚊属长角亚属和白纹伊蚊种群对拟除虫菊酯和滴滴涕的抗性水平较低。目前，拟除虫菊酯只的蚊帐是 PNG 唯一使用的有计划的病媒控制工具。重要的是要继续监测 PNG 的 IR，并制定针对主要病媒的积极主动的杀虫剂抗性管理策略，以尽可能长时间地保持对拟除虫菊酯的敏感性，特别是在疟疾媒介中。
