Van Hooren Bas, Cox Maartje, Rietjens Gerard, Plasqui Guy
Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2023 Apr;33(4):407-419. doi: 10.1111/sms.14271. Epub 2022 Nov 26.
Accurate determination of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in athletes is important for optimal performance and injury prevention, but current approaches are insufficiently accurate. We therefore developed an approach to determine TDEE in professional cyclists based on power data, basal metabolic rate (BMR), and a non-exercise physical activity level (PAL) value, and compared energy expenditure (EE) between multi-day and single-day races.
Twenty-one male professional cyclists participated. We measured: (1) BMR, (2) the relationship between power output and EE during an incremental cycling test, which was used to determine EE during exercise (EE ), and (3) TDEE using doubly labeled water (DLW). A non-exercise PAL-value was obtained by subtracting EE from TDEE and dividing this by BMR.
Measured BMR was 7.9 ± 0.8 MJ/day, which was significantly higher than predicted by the Oxford equations. A new BMR equation for elite endurance athletes was therefore developed. Mean TDEE was 31.7 ± 2.8 and 27.3 ± 2.8 MJ/day during the Vuelta a España and Ardennes classics, while EE was 17.4 ± 1.8 and 10.1 ± 1.4 MJ/day, respectively. Non-exercise PAL-values were 1.8 and 2.0 for the Vuelta and Ardennes classics, respectively, which is substantially higher than currently used generic PAL-values.
We show that the proposed approach leads to a more accurate estimation of non-exercise EE than the use of a generic PAL-value in combination with BMR predictive equations developed for non-elite athletes, with the latter underestimating non-exercise EE by ~28%. The proposed approach may therefore improve nutritional strategies in professional cyclists.
准确测定运动员的每日总能量消耗（TDEE）对于实现最佳运动表现和预防损伤至关重要，但目前的方法准确性不足。因此，我们开发了一种基于功率数据、基础代谢率（BMR）和非运动体力活动水平（PAL）值来测定职业自行车运动员TDEE的方法，并比较了多日赛和单日赛之间的能量消耗（EE）。
21名男性职业自行车运动员参与研究。我们测量了：（1）BMR；（2）递增式骑行测试期间功率输出与EE之间的关系，该关系用于确定运动期间的EE（EEex）；（3）使用双标水（DLW）测量TDEE。通过从TDEE中减去EEex并将其除以BMR来获得非运动PAL值。
测得的BMR为7.9±0.8 MJ/天，显著高于牛津方程预测的值。因此，我们开发了一种针对精英耐力运动员的新BMR方程。在环西班牙自行车赛和阿登经典赛期间，平均TDEE分别为31.7±2.8和27.3±2.8 MJ/天，而EEex分别为17.4±1.8和10.1±1.4 MJ/天。环西班牙自行车赛和阿登经典赛的非运动PAL值分别为1.8和2.0，大大高于目前使用的通用PAL值。
我们表明，与使用通用PAL值结合为非精英运动员开发的BMR预测方程相比，所提出的方法能更准确地估计非运动EE，后者会将非运动EE低估约28%。因此，所提出的方法可能会改善职业自行车运动员的营养策略。
