PVDF composite nanofibers applications.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has special piezo/pyro/ferroelectric, flexibility, low weight, biocompatibility, economical, good chemical/thermal, and high mechanical properties, such as excellent nontoxic fiber/film formation. It has polar and nonpolar phases of α, β, γ, ε, and δ, in which the nonpolar α phase is the most stable one. However, the β phase is the best because it has good piezo/pyro/ferroelectric properties. Copolymers are attractive due to their low weight, nontoxic, chemical acid resistance, flexibility, and ease of processing. These aspects result in their applications in many fields. They are used for piezoelectric nanogenerators, cooling/heating sensors, electronic devices (fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries (as separators), dye-sensitive solar cells), filtration, oil/water separation, and photoelectric nanodevices. This review highlights the main aspects of the last decade's studies and focuses on the synthesis methods of PVDF nanofibers and their properties, leading to their applications in different sectors of industry.