Zhu Ruiming, Zhao Rongqin, Li Xiaojian, Hu Xueyao, Jiao Shixing, Xiao Liangang, Xie Zhixiang, Sun Jin, Wang Shuai, Yang Qinglin, Zhang Huifang, Chuai Xiaowei
College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Feb 20;860:160493. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160493. Epub 2022 Nov 24.
Despite the tremendous contribution of irrigated agriculture in addressing global food security, there is still confusion for farmers and governments about the choice of irrigation mode owing to the drastic environmental impacts of irrigation, including water shortage, energy crisis, and global warming. Exploring the agricultural water-energy‑carbon (WEC) nexus under different irrigation modes helps to accomplish the multi-objective of water & energy saving and carbon emission reduction. In this paper, a conceptual framework was nominated to evaluate the water & energy consumption and carbon emissions for winter wheat irrigation at township level and quantitatively discuss the complex interaction by the coupling coordination degree (CCD) of the WEC system under different irrigation modes in Henan Province, China. We discovered that irrigation modes profoundly affect water and energy consumption and carbon emissions in agriculture, as well as the spatial distribution of CCD from WEC system. Townships under irrigation mode with diversion and irrigation projects as the primary method (WDI) clustered together in the north and east with highest water consumption and carbon emissions, while townships under irrigation mode with rain-fed agriculture as the primary method (PI) accumulated in the west and south with lower water consumption and carbon emissions. Meanwhile, the CCD of the WEC nexus system was in basic coordination (0.40) and showed an unbalanced spatial distribution pattern with high in the southeast and low in the northwest. By comparing four irrigation modes, the coupling level of the WEC nexus system under irrigation mode with groundwater irrigation as the primary method (GI) was better and PI mode was the least ideal. This study helps to further understand agricultural WEC nexus under different irrigation modes and provide references for local governments in selecting appropriate irrigation modes to realize water-energy saving and carbon emission reduction in agricultural activities.
尽管灌溉农业在解决全球粮食安全问题上做出了巨大贡献，但由于灌溉对环境的巨大影响，包括水资源短缺、能源危机和全球变暖，农民和政府在灌溉模式的选择上仍然存在困惑。探索不同灌溉模式下的农业水-能源-碳（WEC）关系有助于实现节水、节能和减少碳排放的多目标。本文提出了一个概念框架，用于评估乡镇层面冬小麦灌溉的水、能源消耗和碳排放，并通过耦合协调度（CCD）定量讨论中国河南省不同灌溉模式下WEC系统的复杂相互作用。我们发现，灌溉模式深刻影响农业中的水、能源消耗和碳排放，以及WEC系统中CCD的空间分布。以引水灌溉工程为主要方式（WDI）的灌溉模式下的乡镇集中在北部和东部，耗水量和碳排放量最高，而以雨养农业为主要方式（PI）的灌溉模式下的乡镇集中在西部和南部，耗水量和碳排放量较低。同时，WEC关系系统的耦合协调度处于基本协调（0.40），呈现出东南高、西北低的不均衡空间分布格局。通过比较四种灌溉模式，以地下水灌溉为主要方式（GI）的灌溉模式下WEC关系系统的耦合水平较好，PI模式最不理想。本研究有助于进一步了解不同灌溉模式下的农业WEC关系，为地方政府选择合适的灌溉模式以实现农业活动中的节水、节能和减少碳排放提供参考。
