Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
Tufts School of Medicine and Division of Cardiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Dec 19;116(6):1704-1714. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac267.
Whole-grain (WG) foods are defined by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), FDA, AHA, American Association of Cereal Chemists International (AACCI), and Whole Grains Council (WGC) in different ways with diverse focuses on grain components only, whole foods, or nutrient contents.
We aimed to compare estimated WG food intake among US adults using different definitions.
For each definition, we estimated the mean intake and trends of WG food consumption using survey-weighted 24-h dietary recalls from nationally representative samples of 39,755 US adults aged 20+ y from 8 cycles (2003-2018) of the NHANES. This is an observational study that used deidentified and publicly available datasets.
The estimated mean consumption of WG foods (ounces equivalents/2000 kcal/d, oz. eq./d) varied by definition. In 2017-2018, the AHA (mean [SEM]: 1.05 [0.07] oz. eq./d) and WGC (0.95 [0.07]) definitions yielded the highest amounts, followed by the DGA (0.81 [0.06]), AACCI (0.73 [0.05]), and FDA (0.53 [0.04]). Using all definitions except for WGC, US adults increased WG food intake from 2003-2004 to 2017-2018 with the largest increase (61.5%) using the AHA (from 0.65 to 1.05 oz. eq./d), followed by DGA (0.50 to 0.81) and AACCI (0.51 to 0.73) definitions. For each definition, the main sources of WG foods consumed by US adults were ready-to-eat cereals, cooked grains and cereals, and breads (including rolls and tortillas). For all definitions except the AHA, non-Hispanic White adults and individuals with college degrees or above consumed higher levels of WG foods than non-Hispanic Blacks and those with lower levels of education.
Different definitions affect the determination of WG foods, estimated intakes, and associated trends in WG food consumption among US adults. These findings call for a standardized definition of WG foods to guide consumers, industry, and policymakers in promoting WG intake in the US.Clinical Trial Registration: Not Applicable.
全谷物（WG）食品的定义在美国膳食指南（DGA）、FDA、AHA、美国谷物化学家协会国际（AACCI）和全谷物委员会（WGC）中有所不同，侧重点也不同，分别侧重于谷物成分、全谷物食品或营养成分。
我们旨在使用不同定义比较美国成年人估计的 WG 食物摄入量。
对于每种定义，我们使用来自 NHANES 的 8 个周期（2003-2018 年）中 39755 名 20 岁以上美国成年人的全国代表性样本的调查加权 24 小时膳食回忆来估计 WG 食物消费的平均摄入量和趋势。这是一项观察性研究，使用了匿名和公开可用的数据集。
根据定义的不同，估计的 WG 食品（盎司当量/2000 千卡/天，oz. eq./d）的平均消耗量也有所不同。2017-2018 年，AHA（平均值[SEM]：1.05[0.07]oz. eq./d）和 WGC（0.95[0.07]）定义的摄入量最高，其次是 DGA（0.81[0.06]）、AACCI（0.73[0.05]）和 FDA（0.53[0.04]）。除了 WGC 定义之外，使用所有其他定义，美国成年人从 2003-2004 年到 2017-2018 年增加了 WG 食物的摄入量，其中 AHA（从 0.65 增加到 1.05 oz. eq./d）的增幅最大，其次是 DGA（从 0.50 增加到 0.81）和 AACCI（从 0.51 增加到 0.73）定义。对于每种定义，美国成年人消费的 WG 食物的主要来源是即食谷物、煮熟的谷物和谷物以及面包（包括卷饼和玉米饼）。除 AHA 外，对于所有其他定义，非西班牙裔白人成年人和具有大学学历或以上的成年人比非西班牙裔黑人成年人和教育程度较低的成年人摄入更高水平的 WG 食物。
不同的定义会影响 WG 食物的确定、估计摄入量以及美国成年人 WG 食物消费的相关趋势。这些发现呼吁制定 WG 食物的标准化定义，以指导美国消费者、行业和政策制定者促进 WG 摄入量。
不适用。
