Salman Darmawan, Yassi Amir, Bahsar-Demmallino Eymal
Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.
Pangkep State Polytechnic of Agriculture, Pangkep, 90652, Indonesia.
Heliyon. 2022 Nov 29;8(12):e11923. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11923. eCollection 2022 Dec.
The responses of farmers have become a concern in research on climate change and its adaptation in developing countries. Several analyses have been carried out on farmers' responses of rainfed or irrigated rice fields. However, there is no research on the adaptation strategy of farmers in the downstream part of irrigation, which limits the decision-making process. Despite the irrigation facilities, the downstream rice fields are more susceptible to drought because the opportunity to get water is very small, especially during a long dry season due to climate change. Therefore, this research aims to analyze and compare the farmers' knowledge, perceptions, and adaptation efforts in the downstream and upstream irrigation areas of the Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The grounded theory method was used when the data were collected iteratively which facilitate the process of forming new concepts. A total of 55 in-depth interviews were conducted with farmers using two languages, namely Bugis (local language) and Indonesian to easily understand the research questions. The basic theory as a finding from this study showed that the concept of climate change impacts for farmers in the downstream is different from farmers in the upstream area, in terms of causal conditions, action/reaction and consequences. Farmers in the downstream perceived that the causes of climate change impacts were water shortages and rising temperatures. Adaptation strategy were carried out through the use of local and non-local knowledge in order to reduce the vulnerability of farmers' livelihood systems. Meanwhile, farmers in upstream areas revealed that pest explosions and rising temperatures were the causal conditions caused by climate change. To deal with these impacts, farmers tend to use non-local knowledge such as chemical pesticides and pest-resistant seeds. Through this adaptation, farmers could reduce the problem of pest explosions. Based on the results, the adoption of an adaptive climate change impact management policy with a participatory approach was recommended.
在发展中国家，农民的应对措施已成为气候变化及其适应研究中的一个关注点。针对旱作或灌溉稻田中农民的应对措施已开展了多项分析。然而，对于灌溉下游地区农民的适应策略尚无研究，这限制了决策过程。尽管有灌溉设施，但下游稻田更容易遭受干旱，因为获得水源的机会非常小，特别是在气候变化导致的漫长旱季。因此，本研究旨在分析和比较印度尼西亚南苏拉威西省布卢昆巴摄政区灌溉下游和上游地区农民的知识、认知及适应努力。在迭代收集数据时采用了扎根理论方法，这有助于形成新概念的过程。使用布吉斯语（当地语言）和印尼语两种语言对农民进行了总共55次深度访谈，以便轻松理解研究问题。作为本研究结果的基本理论表明，就因果条件、行动/反应和后果而言，下游农民对气候变化影响的概念与上游地区农民不同。下游农民认为气候变化影响的原因是缺水和气温上升。通过运用本地和非本地知识来实施适应策略，以降低农民生计系统的脆弱性。与此同时，上游地区的农民表示，害虫爆发和气温上升是气候变化导致的因果条件。为应对这些影响，农民倾向于使用化学农药和抗虫种子等非本地知识。通过这种适应方式，农民可以减少害虫爆发的问题。基于研究结果，建议采用参与式方法的适应性气候变化影响管理政策。
