自愿摄入尼古丁的吸烟者和啮齿动物的依赖发展：相似与不同。
Development of Dependence in Smokers and Rodents With Voluntary Nicotine Intake: Similarities and Differences.
机构信息
Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Center for Addiction Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
出版信息
Nicotine Tob Res. 2023 Jun 9;25(7):1229-1240. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntac280.
INTRODUCTION
Smoking and vaping throughout adolescence and early adulthood lead to nicotine dependence. Nicotine withdrawal is associated with somatic and affective withdrawal symptoms that contribute to smoking and relapse. Affective nicotine withdrawal symptoms in humans include craving for cigarettes, depression, anxiety, trouble sleeping, and cognitive deficits.
METHODS
Herein, we review clinical studies that investigated nicotine dependence in people who smoke or vape. We also discuss studies that investigated the development of dependence in animals with oral nicotine intake, nicotine aerosol self-administration, and intravenous nicotine self-administration.
RESULTS
Clinical studies report that adolescents who smoke daily develop nicotine dependence before those who smoke infrequently, but ultimately all smokers become dependent in adulthood. Preclinical studies indicate that rats that self-administer nicotine also become dependent. Rats that self-administer nicotine display somatic withdrawal signs and affective withdrawal signs, including increased anxiety and depressive-like behavior, cognitive deficits, and allodynia. Most nicotine withdrawal signs were observed in rodents with daily (7 days/week) or intermittent long access (23-hour) to nicotine. Clinical smoking studies report symptoms of nicotine dependence in adolescents of both sexes, but virtually all preclinical nicotine self-administration studies have been done with adult male rats.
CONCLUSIONS
The role of sex and age in the development of dependence in nicotine self-administration studies remains under-investigated. However, the role of sex and age in nicotine withdrawal has been thoroughly evaluated in studies in which nicotine was administered noncontingently. We discuss the need for volitional nicotine self-administration studies that explore the gradual development of dependence during adolescence and adulthood in rodents of both sexes.
IMPLICATIONS
The reviewed clinical studies investigated the development of nicotine dependence in male and female adolescent and young adult smokers and vapers. These studies indicate that most adolescent smokers and vapers gradually become nicotine dependent. Preclinical studies with rodents show that nicotine intake in widely used self-administration models also leads to dependence. However, almost all animal studies that investigated the development of nicotine dependence have been conducted with adult male rats. To better model smoking and vaping, it is important that nicotine intake in rats or mice starts during adolescence and that both sexes are included.
简介
青少年和成年早期的吸烟和蒸气会导致尼古丁依赖。尼古丁戒断与躯体和情感戒断症状有关，这些症状会导致吸烟和复吸。人类情感性尼古丁戒断症状包括对香烟的渴望、抑郁、焦虑、睡眠困难和认知缺陷。
方法
本文综述了研究吸烟或蒸气人群中尼古丁依赖的临床研究。我们还讨论了研究通过口服尼古丁摄入、尼古丁气溶胶自我给药和静脉内尼古丁自我给药在动物中产生依赖性的研究。
结果
临床研究报告称，每天吸烟的青少年比偶尔吸烟的青少年更早出现尼古丁依赖，但最终所有吸烟者在成年后都会依赖。临床研究报告称，每天（每周 7 天）或间歇性长时间（23 小时）接触尼古丁的老鼠也会出现躯体戒断症状和情感戒断症状，包括焦虑和抑郁样行为增加、认知缺陷和痛觉过敏。大多数尼古丁戒断症状在每天（每周 7 天）或间歇性长接触（23 小时）尼古丁的啮齿动物中观察到。青少年的吸烟研究报告了尼古丁依赖的症状，但几乎所有的啮齿动物尼古丁自我给药研究都是在成年雄性大鼠中进行的。
结论
在尼古丁自我给药研究中，性别和年龄在依赖发展中的作用仍未得到充分研究。然而，在非条件给予尼古丁的研究中，性别和年龄在尼古丁戒断中的作用已经得到了彻底的评估。我们讨论了在雄性和雌性啮齿动物中进行有意愿的尼古丁自我给药研究的必要性，以探索青少年和成年早期尼古丁依赖的逐渐发展。
意义
综述的临床研究调查了男性和女性青少年和年轻成年吸烟者和蒸气者尼古丁依赖的发展。这些研究表明，大多数青少年吸烟者和蒸气者逐渐对尼古丁产生依赖。在广泛使用的自我给药模型中，啮齿动物的临床前研究表明，尼古丁摄入也会导致依赖。然而，几乎所有研究尼古丁依赖发展的动物研究都是用成年雄性大鼠进行的。为了更好地模拟吸烟和蒸气，重要的是让老鼠或老鼠在青少年时期开始摄入尼古丁，并且包括两性。
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