Department of Biology, University of Trnava, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovakia.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573 HB/D, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Nov 25;23(23):14736. doi: 10.3390/ijms232314736.
Cadmium (Cd) or nickel (Ni) were applied as a foliar spray (1 µM solution over one month) to mimic air pollution and to monitor metabolic responses and oxidative stress in the pteridophyte species. Exogenous metals did not affect the metal content of the soil and had relatively little effect on the essential elements in leaves or rhizomes. The amounts of Cd and Ni were similar in treated leaves (7.2 µg Cd or 5.3 µg Ni/g DW in mature leaves compared with 0.4 µg Cd or 1.2 µg Ni/g DW in the respective control leaves), but Ni was more abundant in rhizomes (56.6 µg Ni or 3.4 µg Cd/g DW), resulting in a higher Cd translocation and bioaccumulation factor. The theoretical calculation revealed that ca. 4% of Cd and 5.5% of Ni from the applied solution per plant/pot was absorbed. Excess Cd induced stronger ROS production followed by changes in SOD and CAT activities, whereas nitric oxide (NO) stimulation was less intense, as detected by confocal microscopy. The hadrocentric vascular bundles in the petioles also showed higher ROS and NO signals under metal excess. This may be a sign of increased ROS formation, and high correlations were observed. Proteins and amino acids were stimulated by Cd or Ni application in individual organs, whereas phenols and flavonols were almost unaffected. The data suggest that even low levels of exogenous metals induce an oxidative imbalance, although no visible damage is observed, and that the responses of ferns to metals are similar to those of seed plants or algae.
镉（Cd）或镍（Ni）被用作叶面喷雾（一个月内 1 μM 溶液），以模拟空气污染，并监测蕨类植物物种的代谢反应和氧化应激。外源性金属不会影响土壤中的金属含量，对叶片或根茎中的必需元素的影响相对较小。处理过的叶片中的 Cd 和 Ni 含量相似（成熟叶片中 Cd 为 7.2 μg 或 Ni 为 5.3 μg/g DW，而相应对照叶片中 Cd 为 0.4 μg 或 Ni 为 1.2 μg/g DW），但 Ni 在根茎中更丰富（56.6 μg Ni 或 3.4 μg Cd/g DW），导致 Cd 转运和生物积累系数更高。理论计算表明，每株/盆植物吸收的应用溶液中的 Cd 约为 4%，Ni 约为 5.5%。过量的 Cd 诱导更强的 ROS 产生，随后 SOD 和 CAT 活性发生变化，而通过共聚焦显微镜检测到的一氧化氮（NO）刺激较弱。叶柄中的偏心维管束在金属过量下也显示出更高的 ROS 和 NO 信号。这可能是 ROS 形成增加的迹象，并且观察到高度相关性。Cd 或 Ni 的应用刺激了个别器官中的蛋白质和氨基酸，而酚类和类黄酮几乎不受影响。这些数据表明，即使是低水平的外源性金属也会引起氧化失衡，尽管没有观察到可见的损伤，并且蕨类植物对金属的反应与种子植物或藻类的反应相似。
