L. suppresses non-small cell lung cancer downregulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway based on network pharmacology and experimental investigation.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. L (SOL), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine called Diyu, has been shown to have potent antitumor effects. However, the role of SOL in suppressing NSCLC remains unknown. Network pharmacology was employed for acquiring the potential targets and mechanisms of SOL in NSCLC. Based on the predictions of network pharmacology, we used CCK8 and EdU assays to investigate cell proliferation, flow cytometry to investigate apoptosis, wound healing assay to investigate cell migration, and transwell assay to investigate cell invasion . Western blot was employed for detecting the potential proteins, including signaling pathways and apoptosis. The A549-bearing athymic nude mice were employed to verify the effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis . SOL significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that the apoptotic ratio and ROS level of NSCLC cells increased significantly with increasing concentrations. AKT and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were analyzed as the most relevant target and pathway network pharmacology predictions. Western blotting revealed that the expression levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR in NSCLC cells treated with SOL were significantly downregulated, while cleaved PARP-1 and caspase-3 were upregulated in a dose-dependent manner. The results in the mouse xenograft model were consistent with those in NSCLC cell lines. SOL downregulated the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to suppress NSCLC.