Juan-García Ana, Pakkanen Hannu, Juan Cristina, Vehniäinen Eeva-Riikka
Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023 Jan 1;249:114427. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114427. Epub 2022 Dec 13.
Mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA) and enniatin B (ENN B) affect negatively several systems and demand more studies as the mechanisms are still unclear. The simultaneous presence of contaminants in the environment manifests consequences of exposure for both animals and flora. Daphnia magna is considered an ideal invertebrate to detect effects of toxic compounds and environmental alterations. In this study, the potential toxicity and the basic mechanism of BEA and ENN B individually and combined were studied in D. magna. Acute and delayed toxicity were evaluated, and transcript levels of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (mox, gst, abcb1, and abcc5), reproduction, and oxidative stress (vtg-SOD) were analyzed by qPCR. Though no acute toxicity was found, results revealed a spinning around and circular profile of swimming, a strong decrease of survival after 72 h for BEA and ENN B at 16 µM and 6.25 µM, respectively, while for BEA + ENN B [8 + 1.6] µM after 96 h. The amount of mycotoxin remaining in the media revealed that the higher the concentration assayed the higher the amount remaining in the media. Differential regulation of genes suggests that xenobiotic metabolism is affected denoting different effects on transcription for tested mycotoxins. The results provide new insights into the underlying risk assessment of BEA and ENN B not only through food for consumers but also for the environment.
霉菌毒素白僵菌素（BEA）和恩镰孢菌素B（ENN B）会对多个系统产生负面影响，由于其作用机制仍不清楚，因此需要更多的研究。环境中污染物的同时存在对动物和植物都有暴露后果。大型溞被认为是检测有毒化合物影响和环境变化的理想无脊椎动物。在本研究中，对大型溞单独和联合接触BEA和ENN B的潜在毒性及基本机制进行了研究。评估了急性和延迟毒性，并通过qPCR分析了参与异生物质代谢（mox、gst、abcb1和abcc5）、繁殖和氧化应激（vtg-SOD）的基因转录水平。虽然未发现急性毒性，但结果显示，BEA和ENN B分别在16µM和6.25µM时，出现转圈和圆形游泳轨迹，72小时后存活率大幅下降，而BEA + ENN B [8 + 1.6] µM时在96小时后出现此情况。培养基中残留的霉菌毒素量表明，检测浓度越高，培养基中残留量越高。基因的差异调节表明异生物质代谢受到影响，这表明受试霉菌毒素对转录有不同影响。这些结果不仅为消费者通过食物接触BEA和ENN B，也为环境接触相关毒素的潜在风险评估提供了新的见解。
