Zhang Shuai, Han Yingyue, Peng Jingyu, Chen Yunmin, Zhan Liangtong, Li Jinlong
Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
Environ Int. 2023 Jan;171:107700. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107700. Epub 2022 Dec 15.
Soil contamination is a serious global hazard as contaminants can migrate to the human body through the soil, water, air, and food, threatening human health. Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) is a commonly used method for estimating the magnitude and probability of adverse health effects in humans that may be exposed to contaminants in contaminated environmental media in the present or future. Such estimations have improved for decades with various risk assessment frameworks and well-established models. However, the existing literature does not provide a comprehensive overview of the methods and models of HHRA that are needed to grasp the current status of HHRA and future research directions. Thus, this paper aims to systematically review the HHRA approaches and models, particularly those related to contaminated sites from peer-reviewed literature and guidelines. The approaches and models focus on methods used in hazard identification, toxicity databases in dose-response assessment, approaches and fate and transport models in exposure assessment, risk characterization, and uncertainty characterization. The features and applicability of the most commonly used HHRA tools are also described. The future research trend for HHRA for contaminated sites is also forecasted. The transition from animal experiments to new methods in risk identification, the integration and update and sharing of existing toxicity databases, the integration of human biomonitoring into the risk assessment process, and the integration of migration and transformation models and risk assessment are the way forward for risk assessment in the future. This review provides readers with an overall understanding of HHRA and a grasp of its developmental direction.
土壤污染是一种严重的全球危害，因为污染物可通过土壤、水、空气和食物迁移至人体，威胁人类健康。人类健康风险评估（HHRA）是一种常用方法，用于估计当前或未来可能接触受污染环境介质中污染物的人群出现不良健康影响的程度和概率。几十年来，借助各种风险评估框架和成熟的模型，此类估计已有改进。然而，现有文献并未全面概述HHRA的方法和模型，而这些方法和模型对于了解HHRA的现状及未来研究方向是必要的。因此，本文旨在系统回顾HHRA方法和模型，特别是来自同行评审文献和指南中与污染场地相关的方法和模型。这些方法和模型侧重于危害识别中使用的方法、剂量反应评估中的毒性数据库、暴露评估中的方法以及归宿和迁移模型、风险表征和不确定性表征。还描述了最常用的HHRA工具的特点和适用性。同时预测了污染场地HHRA未来的研究趋势。从动物实验向风险识别新方法的转变、现有毒性数据库的整合、更新与共享、将人体生物监测纳入风险评估过程，以及迁移和转化模型与风险评估的整合，是未来风险评估的前进方向。本综述为读者提供了对HHRA的全面理解及其发展方向的把握。
