Khan Asghar, Khan Muhammad Saleem, Shafique Munib Ahmed, Khan Qaisar, Saddiq Ghulam
Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan.
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan.
Heliyon. 2024 Mar 28;10(7):e28043. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28043. eCollection 2024 Apr 15.
Rice, a primary food source in many countries of the world accumulate potentially harmful elements which pose a significant health hazard to consumers. The current study aimed to evaluate potentially toxic and mineral elements in both paddy soils and rice grains associated with allied health risks in Malakand, Pakistan. Rice plants with intact root soil were randomly collected from paddy fields and analyzed for mineral and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‒OES). Through deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment models, the daily intake of PTEs with allied health risks from consumption of rice were estimated for children and adults. The results of soil pH (< 8.5) and electrical conductivity (EC > 400 μs/cm), indicated slightly saline nature. The mean phosphorus concentration of 291.50 (mg/kg) in soil samples exceeded FAO/WHO permissible limits. The normalized variation matrix of soil pH with respect to Ni (0.05), Ca (0.05), EC (0.08), and Mg (0.09), indicated significant influence of pH on PTEs mobility. In rice grains, the mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Mg (463.81), Al (70.40), As (1.23), Cr (12.53), Cu (36.07), Fe (144.32), Mn (13.89), and Ni (1.60) exceeded FAO/WHO safety limits. The transfer factor >1 for K, Cu, P and Zn indicated bioavailability and transfer of these elements from soil to rice grains. Monte Carlo simulations of hazard index >1 for Cr, Zn, As, and Cu with certainties of 89.93% and 90.17%, indicated significant noncarcinogenic risks for children and adults from rice consumption. The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for adults and children exceeded the USEPA acceptable limits of 1×10 to 1×10, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that the ingestion rate was a key risk factor. Arsenic (As) primarily influenced total cancer risk (TCR) in children, while chromium (Cr) significantly impacted adults. Deterministic cancer risk values slightly exceeded probabilistic values due to inherent uncertainties in deterministic analysis. Rice consumption poses health risks, mainly from exposure to Cr, Ni and As in the investigated area.
大米是世界上许多国家的主要食物来源，它会积累潜在有害元素，对消费者的健康构成重大危害。当前的研究旨在评估巴基斯坦马拉坎德地区稻田土壤和稻谷中潜在的有毒元素和矿物质元素以及相关的健康风险。从稻田中随机采集带有完整根际土壤的水稻植株，通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP‒OES）分析其矿物质和潜在有毒元素（PTEs）。通过确定性和概率性风险评估模型，估算了儿童和成人因食用大米而摄入的具有相关健康风险的PTEs的每日摄入量。土壤pH值（< 8.5）和电导率（EC > 400 μs/cm）的结果表明土壤具有轻度盐渍化性质。土壤样品中磷的平均浓度为291.50（mg/kg），超过了粮农组织/世界卫生组织的允许限值。土壤pH值相对于镍（0.05）、钙（0.05）、电导率（0.08）和镁（0.09）的标准化变异矩阵表明，pH值对PTEs的迁移率有显著影响。在稻谷中，镁（463.81）、铝（70.40）、砷（1.23）、铬（12.53）、铜（36.07）、铁（144.32）、锰（13.89）和镍（1.60）的平均浓度（mg/kg）超过了粮农组织/世界卫生组织的安全限值。钾、铜、磷和锌的转移因子>1，表明这些元素从土壤到稻谷的生物有效性和转移。铬、锌、砷和铜的危害指数>1的蒙特卡洛模拟结果显示，儿童和成人因食用大米存在显著的非致癌风险，确定性分别为89.93%和90.17%。成人和儿童的总致癌风险（TCR）分别超过了美国环境保护局（USEPA）可接受的1×10至1×10的限值。敏感性分析表明，摄入率是一个关键风险因素。砷（As）主要影响儿童的总癌症风险（TCR），而铬（Cr）对成人有显著影响。由于确定性分析中存在固有不确定性，确定性癌症风险值略高于概率性值。在研究区域，食用大米会带来健康风险，主要源于接触铬、镍和砷。
