Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, APK Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa.
Department of Biology, Umaru Musa Yaradua University, Katsina 820102, Nigeria.
Genes (Basel). 2022 Nov 30;13(12):2259. doi: 10.3390/genes13122259.
is one of the most important species of the family Acanthaceae, known for its high economic and medicinal importance. It is well distributed in the Arab region as well as on the African continent. Previous studies on ethnomedicine have reported that . has an anti-parasitic effect as well as antimalarial and anthelmintic activities. Previous studies mainly focused on the ethnomedicinal properties, hence, there is no information on the genomic architecture and phylogenetic positions of the species within the tribe Justiceae. The tribe is the most taxonomically difficult taxon in Acanthoideae due to its unresolved infratribal classification. Therefore, by sequencing the complete chloroplast genome (cp genome) of . , we explored the evolutionary patterns of the cp genome and reconstructed the phylogeny of Justiceae. The cp genome is quadripartite and circular in structure and has a length of 151,142 bp. There are 130 genes (86 coding for protein, 36 coding for tRNA and 8 coding for rRNA) present in the plastome. Analyses of long repeats showed only three types of repeats: forward, palindromic and reverse were present in the genome. Microsatellites analysis revealed 134 microsatellites in the cp genome with mononucleotides having the highest frequency. Comparative analyses within Justiceae showed that genomes structure and gene contents were highly conserved but there is a slight distinction in the location of the genes in the inverted repeat and single copy junctions. Additionally, it was discovered that the cp genome includes variable hotspots that can be utilized as DNA barcodes and tools for determining evolutionary relationships in the Justiceae. These regions include: ---, -, and . The Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree showed that . is a sister to the clade and belongs to Diclipterinae. The result also confirms the polyphyly of and inclusion of Diclipterinae within justicioid. This research has revealed the phylogenetic position of . and also reported the resources that can be used for evolutionary and phylogenetic studies of the species and the .
是爵床科中最重要的物种之一，以其高经济和药用重要性而闻名。它在阿拉伯地区以及非洲大陆广泛分布。先前的民族医学研究报告称，具有抗寄生虫作用以及抗疟和驱虫活性。先前的研究主要集中在民族医学特性上，因此，关于该物种在 Justiceae 族内的基因组结构和系统发育位置没有信息。由于其未解决的亚部落分类，族是 Acanthoideae 中最具分类学难度的分类群。因此，通过对. 的完整叶绿体基因组 (cp 基因组) 进行测序，我们探讨了 cp 基因组的进化模式，并重建了 Justiceae 的系统发育。cp 基因组是四分体和圆形结构，长度为 151,142 bp。质体中存在 130 个基因（86 个编码蛋白质，36 个编码 tRNA，8 个编码 rRNA）。长重复分析表明，基因组中仅存在三种类型的重复：正向、回文和反向。微卫星分析显示 cp 基因组中有 134 个微卫星，单核苷酸的频率最高。在 Justiceae 内的比较分析表明，基因组结构和基因含量高度保守，但在反向重复和单拷贝连接处的基因位置略有不同。此外，发现 cp 基因组包含可变热点，可作为 DNA 条形码和确定 Justiceae 内进化关系的工具。这些区域包括：---、---和---。贝叶斯推断系统发育树显示，---是 clade 的姊妹群，属于 Diclipterinae。结果还证实了---的多系性和将 Diclipterinae 包含在 justicioid 内。本研究揭示了---的系统发育位置，并报告了可用于该物种和---进化和系统发育研究的资源。
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