Visualization of X-chromosome inactivation mosaicism of Tfm gene in XTfm/X+ heterozygous female mice.

The testicular feminization (Tfm) locus, which produces a deficiency in androgen receptors, is located on the X-chromosome. Steroid autoradiographic techniques were used to demonstrate the mosaicism of the X-chromosome inactivation in two androgen target tissues of XTfm/X+ heterozygous female mice. In the mesenchyme of urogenital sinuses of wild-type female fetuses (X+/X+), more than 95% of the cells were androgen-receptor positive (labelled with [3H]testosterone) while in that of heterozygous fetuses (XTfm/X+), about half of the cells were receptor positive (Tfm gene inactive). Statistical analysis of coherent clone size was applied to the heterozygous mesenchyme of the urogenital sinus and the coherent clone size of receptor-positive cells was estimated to be two or three cells per clone. This small clone size suggests that considerable cell mixing occurred in the tissue during embryonic development. Androgen binding in the mammary gland rudiments was restricted to the mesenchymal cells only in close vicinity to the epithelial mammary bud. In the wild-type rudiments most of the mesenchymal cells beneath the epithelium were receptor positive, while in heterozygous rudiments, receptor-positive and -negative cells intermingled. This observation suggests that in the wild-type mammary gland rudiments the epithelial bud may induce the formation of androgen receptors in adjacent mesenchymal cells rather than attract pre-existing receptor-rich mesenchymal cells.