Badesa Luis, Strbac Goran, Magill Matt, Stojkovska Biljana
Imperial College London, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
National Grid Energy System Operator, Faraday House, Warwick Technology Park, Warwick CV34 6DA, UK.
Appl Energy. 2021 Mar 1;285:116500. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116500. Epub 2021 Jan 18.
The COVID-19 pandemic led to partial or total lockdowns in several countries during the first half of 2020, which in turn caused a depressed electricity demand. In Great Britain (GB), this low demand combined with large renewable output at times, created conditions that were not expected until renewable capacity increases to meet emissions targets in coming years. The GB system experienced periods of very high instantaneous penetration of non-synchronous renewables, compromising system stability due to the lack of inertia in the grid. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the consequences of the lockdown on the GB electricity system is provided, focusing on the ancillary services procured to guarantee stability. Ancillary-services costs increased by £200m in the months of May to July 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 (a threefold increase), highlighting the importance of ancillary services in low-carbon systems. Furthermore, a frequency-secured scheduling model is used in the present paper to showcase the future trends that GB is expected to experience, as penetration of renewables increases on the road to net-zero emissions by 2050. Several sensitivities are considered, demonstrating that the share of total operating costs represented by ancillary services could reach 35%.
2020年上半年，新冠疫情导致多个国家实施部分或全面封锁，进而造成电力需求低迷。在英国，这种低需求加上有时可再生能源的大量输出，创造了一些条件，而这些条件直到未来几年可再生能源产能增加以实现排放目标时才会出现。英国电力系统经历了非同步可再生能源瞬时渗透率极高的时期，由于电网缺乏惯性，影响了系统稳定性。本文对封锁对英国电力系统的影响进行了详细分析，重点关注为保障稳定性而采购的辅助服务。与2019年同期相比，2020年5月至7月期间辅助服务成本增加了2亿英镑（增长了两倍），凸显了辅助服务在低碳系统中的重要性。此外，本文使用了一种频率保障调度模型来展示英国预计将经历的未来趋势，即到2050年实现净零排放的道路上，可再生能源渗透率不断提高。考虑了多种敏感性因素，结果表明辅助服务在总运营成本中所占份额可能达到35%。
