NOVA, OsloMet, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
CHAIN, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
BMC Public Health. 2022 Dec 28;22(1):2447. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14899-8.
The existing literature indicates that unemployment leads to deteriorated mental and somatic health, poorer self-assessed health, and higher mortality. However, it is not clear whether and to what extent the health consequences of unemployment differ between men and women. According to social role theory, women can alternate between several roles (mother, wife, friend, etc.) that make it easier to deal with unemployment, whereas the worker role is more important for men, and unemployment could therefore be more harmful to them. Thus, gender differences in the health consequences of unemployment should decrease as society grows more gender equal. Accordingly, this study examines changes over time in the gendered health consequences of unemployment in Norway. METHODS: Linked Norwegian administrative register data, covering the period from 2000 to 2017, were analysed by means of linear probability models and logistic regression. Four health outcomes were investigated: hospitalisation, receiving sick pay, disability benefit utilisation, and the likelihood of mortality. Two statistical models were estimated: adjusted for (1) age, and (2) additional sociodemographic covariates. All analyses were run split by gender. Three different unemployment cohorts (2000, 2006, and 2011) that experienced similar economic conditions were followed longitudinally until 2017.
The empirical findings show, first, that hospital admission is somewhat more common among unemployed males than among unemployed females. Second, receiving sick pay is much more common post-unemployment for men than for women. Third, excess mortality is higher among unemployed males than among unemployed females. Fourth, there is no gender component in disability benefit utilisation. There is a remarkable pattern of similarity when comparing the results for the three different unemployment cohorts (2000; 2006; 2011). Thus, the gendered health consequences of unemployment have hardly changed since the turn of the century.
This paper demonstrates that the health consequences of unemployment are serious, gendered, and enduring in Norway.
现有文献表明，失业会导致精神和身体健康状况恶化、自我评估健康状况变差和死亡率升高。然而，目前尚不清楚失业对男性和女性的健康影响是否存在差异，以及差异程度如何。根据社会角色理论，女性可以在几个角色（母亲、妻子、朋友等）之间转换，这使得她们更容易应对失业，而对于男性来说，工人角色更为重要，因此失业对他们的危害可能更大。因此，随着社会性别平等程度的提高，失业对男性和女性健康影响的性别差异应该会减小。因此，本研究考察了挪威失业对健康影响的性别差异随时间的变化。
通过线性概率模型和逻辑回归分析，使用挪威行政登记数据进行分析，该数据涵盖了 2000 年至 2017 年期间。研究调查了四个健康结果：住院治疗、领取病假工资、残疾福利利用以及死亡可能性。估计了两个统计模型：（1）调整年龄，（2）调整其他社会人口学协变量。所有分析均按性别划分。三个不同的失业队列（2000 年、2006 年和 2011 年）在经历相似的经济条件下进行了纵向随访，直至 2017 年。
实证结果表明，首先，与失业女性相比，失业男性住院的情况更为常见。其次，失业后男性领取病假工资的情况比女性更为普遍。第三，失业男性的超额死亡率高于失业女性。第四，残疾福利的利用没有性别因素。比较三个不同失业队列（2000 年、2006 年和 2011 年）的结果时，存在明显的相似模式。因此，自本世纪初以来，失业对男性和女性的健康影响几乎没有变化。
本文表明，失业对健康的影响是严重的、具有性别差异的，并且在挪威是持久存在的。
