Iranmehr Arad, Namvar Mohamad, Rezaei Nima, Hanaei Sara
Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2023;1394:1-18. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-14732-6_1.
As one of the global concerns, cancers, including brain and spinal cord tumors, are responsible for mortalities and irreversible morbidities in the affected patients. Although advancements in molecular pathology and imaging of tumors may have influenced the incidence rate due to higher diagnosis in early stages, exposure to environmental risk factors could be another explanation for increased incidence of these tumors over the past decades. Similar to many other tumors, the CNS tumors begin in cellular dimension with activation of different molecular pathways. Several genetic, epigenetic, and immunologic pathways and processes are already discovered to play roles in pathophysiology of these tumors, which mostly will eventually become symptomatic. Each of these tumors may exhibit imaging characteristics, making it possible to list a series of differential diagnosis before histopathologic examination. Advances in molecular pathology have resulted in better understanding and categorization of CNS tumors, leading to better decision-making on the most appropriate therapeutic approach for each category, as well as proposing new therapeutic modalities to treat these tumors. As an introduction to the 2-volume book, this chapter addressed different types of human brain and spinal cord tumors based on the fifth version of WHO classification of CNS tumors.
作为全球关注的问题之一，包括脑和脊髓肿瘤在内的癌症导致了受影响患者的死亡和不可逆转的发病情况。尽管肿瘤分子病理学和影像学的进展可能因早期诊断率提高而影响了发病率，但暴露于环境风险因素可能是过去几十年来这些肿瘤发病率上升的另一个原因。与许多其他肿瘤相似，中枢神经系统肿瘤始于细胞层面，伴随着不同分子途径的激活。已经发现几种遗传、表观遗传和免疫途径及过程在这些肿瘤的病理生理学中发挥作用，这些肿瘤最终大多会出现症状。每种肿瘤可能都有影像学特征，这使得在组织病理学检查之前列出一系列鉴别诊断成为可能。分子病理学的进展导致对中枢神经系统肿瘤有了更好的理解和分类，从而能够针对每一类肿瘤做出关于最合适治疗方法的更好决策，并提出治疗这些肿瘤的新治疗模式。作为这本两卷本著作的引言，本章根据世界卫生组织中枢神经系统肿瘤分类的第五版论述了不同类型的人脑和脊髓肿瘤。
