Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Environ Res. 2023 Mar 1;220:115169. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115169. Epub 2022 Dec 29.
To date, the development of renewable fuels has become a normal phenomenon to solve the problem of diesel fuel emissions and the scarcity of fossil fuels. Biodiesel production has some limitations, such as two-step processes requiring high free fatty acids (FFAs), oil feedstocks and gum formation. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) is a newly developed international renewable diesel that uses renewable feedstocks via the hydrotreatment process. Unlike FAME, FFAs percentage doesn't affect the HVO production and sustains a higher yield. The improved characteristics of HVO, such as a higher cetane value, better cold flow properties, lower emissions and excellent oxidation stability for storage, stand out from FAME biodiesel. Moreover, HVO is a hydrocarbon without oxygen content, but FAME is an ester with 11% oxygen content which makes it differ in oxidation stability. Waste sludge palm oil (SPO), an abundant non-edible industrial waste, was reused and selected as the feedstock for HVO production. Techno-economical and energy analyses were conducted for HVO production using Aspen HYSYS with a plant capacity of 25,000 kg/h. Alternatively, hydrogen has been recycled to reduce the hydrogen feed. With a capital investment of RM 65.86 million and an annual production cost of RM 332.56 million, the base case of the SPO-HVO production process was more desirable after consideration of all economic indicators and HVO purity. The base case of SPO-HVO production could achieve a return on investment (ROI) of 89.03% with a payback period (PBP) of 1.68 years. The SPO-HVO production in this study has observed a reduction in the primary greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO) emission by up to 90% and the total annual production cost by nearly RM 450 million. Therefore, SPO-HVO production is a potential and alternative process to produce biobased diesel fuels with waste oil.
迄今为止，开发可再生燃料已成为解决柴油燃料排放和化石燃料短缺问题的一种常见现象。生物柴油的生产存在一些局限性，例如需要高游离脂肪酸（FFA）、油原料和胶凝形成的两步法工艺。加氢处理植物油（HVO）是一种新开发的国际可再生柴油，通过加氢处理工艺使用可再生原料。与 FAME 不同，FFA 百分比不会影响 HVO 的生产，并保持较高的收率。HVO 的改进特性，如更高的十六烷值、更好的低温流动性能、更低的排放和出色的储存氧化稳定性，使其与 FAME 生物柴油区别开来。此外，HVO 是一种不含氧的碳氢化合物，而 FAME 是一种含有 11%氧的酯，这使得它们在氧化稳定性方面有所不同。废棕榈油污泥（SPO）是一种丰富的非食用工业废物，被重新利用并选择作为生产 HVO 的原料。使用 Aspen HYSYS 对 25,000 kg/h 的工厂产能进行了 HVO 生产的技术经济和能源分析。或者，通过回收氢气来减少氢气进料。考虑到所有经济指标和 HVO 纯度后，SPO-HVO 生产过程的基础案例更可取，其资本投资为 6586 万令吉，年生产成本为 3325.6 万令吉。SPO-HVO 生产的基础案例可以实现 89.03%的投资回报率（ROI），投资回收期（PBP）为 1.68 年。本研究中的 SPO-HVO 生产观察到主要温室气体二氧化碳（CO）排放量减少了 90%，总年度生产成本减少了近 4.5 亿令吉。因此，SPO-HVO 生产是一种用废油生产生物基柴油的潜在替代工艺。
