Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
Initiative on Islam and Medicine, Brookfield, WI, USA.
J Gen Intern Med. 2023 Apr;38(5):1167-1174. doi: 10.1007/s11606-022-07923-5. Epub 2023 Jan 4.
Discrimination negatively impacts physician career trajectories and well-being.
Quantify perceived religious discrimination among US Muslim physicians and compare trends over time.
DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS/MAIN MEASURES: Two national surveys tabulated discrimination. The 2013 survey involved a mailed questionnaire to a random sample of 746 Islamic Medical Association of North America (IMANA) members, while the 2021 survey was administered online to subscribers of IMANA, American Muslim Health Professionals, and the US Muslim Physician network. Eligible participants had to be practicing US Muslim physicians, and English-proficient (the 2021 sample was further restricted to physicians in academic medicine). Questionnaires assessed experiences of religious discrimination and accommodation.
In 2013, the 255 participants had a mean age of 52 years, were mostly male (70%), Sunni (91%), South Asian (70%), and adult immigrants (65%). In 2021, the 264 participants had a mean age of 39.5 years, were mostly male (65%) and Sunni (75%). In contrast to 2013, the majority were born in the USA (59%; p<0.01), and respondents were more diverse with 33% South Asians, 22% Arabs, and 16% African Americans. Greater proportions of the 2021 sample reported facing religious discrimination frequently in their career (24 to 53%; p<0.01), experiencing job turnover (7 to 32%; p<0.01), and having patients refuse their care (9 to 33%; p<0.01). A higher proportion of South Asians, Arabs, and participants under the age of 40 reported discrimination and job turnover in 2021 when compared to 2013. Higher proportions of South Asians and Whites reported being passed over for professional advancement and having patients refuse their care in 2021 relative to 2013.
Many American Muslim clinicians encounter religious discrimination at the workplace, and these experiences appear to be on the rise. Healthcare workforce diversity, inclusion, and equity programming should include a focus on accommodating the religious identities of physicians.
歧视对医生的职业轨迹和幸福感产生负面影响。
量化美国穆斯林医生所经历的宗教歧视，并比较随时间的变化趋势。
设计/参与者/主要措施：两项全国性调查对歧视现象进行了统计。2013 年的调查涉及向北美伊斯兰医学协会（IMANA）的 746 名随机成员邮寄问卷，而 2021 年的调查则通过电子邮件向 IMANA、美国穆斯林医疗保健专业人员和美国穆斯林医生网络的订阅者进行。合格的参与者必须是执业的美国穆斯林医生，并且精通英语（2021 年的样本进一步限制为学术医学领域的医生）。问卷评估了宗教歧视和适应的经历。
2013 年，255 名参与者的平均年龄为 52 岁，大多数为男性（70%）、逊尼派（91%）、南亚裔（70%）和成年移民（65%）。2021 年，264 名参与者的平均年龄为 39.5 岁，大多数为男性（65%）和逊尼派（75%）。与 2013 年相比，大多数人出生在美国（59%；p<0.01），且受访者的多样性更高，南亚裔占 33%，阿拉伯裔占 22%，非裔美国人占 16%。2021 年的样本报告在职业生涯中经常面临宗教歧视的比例更高（24%至 53%；p<0.01），工作变动的比例更高（7%至 32%；p<0.01），以及更多患者拒绝接受他们的治疗（9%至 33%；p<0.01）。与 2013 年相比，2021 年的南亚裔、阿拉伯裔和 40 岁以下的参与者报告歧视和工作变动的比例更高。与 2013 年相比，2021 年的南亚裔和白人报告因职业晋升而被忽视和患者拒绝接受他们的治疗的比例更高。
许多美国穆斯林临床医生在工作场所遭遇宗教歧视，而且这种情况似乎还在上升。医疗保健劳动力多样性、包容和公平计划应侧重于满足医生的宗教身份。
