Abjani Farhat, Madhavan Priya, Chong Pei Pei, Chinna Karuthan, Rhodes Charles Anthony, Lim Yvonne Ai Lian
Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
Ann Hum Biol. 2023 Feb;50(1):137-147. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2170464.
The continuous rise in urbanisation and its associated factors has been reflected in the structure of the human gut ecosystem.
The main focus of this review is to discuss and summarise the major risk factors associated with urbanisation that affect human gut microbiota thus affecting human health.
Multiple medical literature databases, namely PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were used to find relevant materials for urbanisation and its major factors affecting human gut microbiota/microbiome. Both layman and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms were used in the search. Due to the scarcity of the data, no limitation was set on the publication date. Relevant materials in the English language which include case reports, chapters of books, journal articles, online news reports and medical records were included in this review.
Based on the data discussed in the review, it is quite clear that urbanisation and its associated factors have long-standing effects on the human gut microbiota that result in alterations of gut microbial diversity and composition. This is a matter of serious concern as chronic inflammatory diseases are on the rise in urbanised societies.
A better understanding of the factors associated with urbanisation will help us to identify and implement new biological and social approaches to prevent and treat diseases and improve health globally by deepening our understanding of these relationships and increasing studies across urbanisation gradients.HIGHLIGHTSHuman gut microbiota have been linked to almost every important function, including metabolism, intestinal homeostasis, immune system, biosynthesis of vitamins, brain processes, and behaviour.However, dysbiosis i.e., alteration in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic conditions.In the 21st century, urbanisation represents a major demographic shift in developed and developing countries.During this period of urbanisation, humans have been exposed to many environmental exposures, all of which have led to the dysbiosis of human gut microbiota.The main focus of the review is to discuss and summarise the major risk factors associated with urbanisation and how it affects the diversity and composition of gut microbiota which ultimately affects human health.
城市化进程及其相关因素的持续上升已在人类肠道生态系统结构中有所体现。
本综述的主要重点是讨论和总结与城市化相关的主要风险因素，这些因素会影响人类肠道微生物群，进而影响人类健康。
使用多个医学文献数据库，即PubMed、谷歌、谷歌学术和科学网，查找有关城市化及其影响人类肠道微生物群/微生物组的主要因素的相关资料。搜索中同时使用了普通词汇和医学主题词（MeSH）。由于数据稀缺，未对出版日期设限。本综述纳入了英文的相关资料，包括病例报告、书籍章节、期刊文章、在线新闻报道和医疗记录。
基于综述中讨论的数据，很明显城市化及其相关因素对人类肠道微生物群具有长期影响，导致肠道微生物多样性和组成发生改变。鉴于城市化社会中慢性炎症性疾病不断增加，这是一个令人严重关切的问题。
更好地理解与城市化相关的因素将有助于我们通过深化对这些关系的理解并增加跨城市化梯度的研究，来确定和实施新的生物学和社会方法，以预防和治疗疾病并在全球范围内改善健康。
要点
人类肠道微生物群几乎与每一项重要功能都有关联，包括新陈代谢、肠道内环境稳定、免疫系统、维生素生物合成、大脑活动和行为。
然而，微生物群失调，即肠道微生物群的组成和多样性改变，与许多慢性病的发病机制有关。
在21世纪，城市化代表了发达国家和发展中国家的主要人口结构转变。
在这个城市化时期，人类接触了许多环境因素，所有这些都导致了人类肠道微生物群的失调。
综述的主要重点是讨论和总结与城市化相关的主要风险因素，以及它如何影响肠道微生物群的多样性和组成，最终影响人类健康。
