Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
St. Vincent's Hospital and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Jul;15(7):440-452. doi: 10.1038/s41575-018-0003-z.
In the 21st century, urbanization represents a major demographic shift in developed and developing countries. Rapid urbanization in the developing world has been associated with an increasing incidence of several autoimmune diseases, including IBD. Patients with IBD exhibit a decrease in the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota, while urbanization attenuates the gut microbial diversity and might have a role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Environmental exposures during urbanization, including Westernization of diet, increased antibiotic use, pollution, improved hygiene status and early-life microbial exposure, have been shown to affect the gut microbiota. The disparate patterns of the gut microbiota composition in rural and urban areas offer an opportunity to understand the contribution of a 'rural microbiome' in potentially protecting against the development of IBD. This Perspective discusses the effect of urbanization and its surrogates on the gut microbiome (bacteriome, virome, mycobiome and helminths) in both human health and IBD and how such changes might be associated with the development of IBD.
在 21 世纪，城市化代表了发达国家和发展中国家的主要人口结构转变。发展中国家的快速城市化与几种自身免疫性疾病（包括 IBD）的发病率增加有关。IBD 患者的肠道微生物群多样性和丰富度下降，而城市化会减弱肠道微生物多样性，并可能在 IBD 的发病机制中发挥作用。城市化过程中的环境暴露，包括饮食的西方化、抗生素使用的增加、污染、卫生状况的改善和生命早期微生物暴露，已被证明会影响肠道微生物群。农村和城市地区肠道微生物群组成的不同模式为了解“农村微生物组”在预防 IBD 发展方面的作用提供了机会。本观点讨论了城市化及其替代因素对人类健康和 IBD 中肠道微生物群（细菌组、病毒组、真菌组和寄生虫组）的影响，以及这种变化如何与 IBD 的发展相关。
