Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy.
Connecticut Uveitis Foundation, 1043 Farmington Avenue, West Hartford, CT 06107, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 5;24(2):1064. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021064.
Choroidal neovascularizations are historically associated with exudative macular degeneration, nonetheless, they have been observed in nevus, melanoma, osteoma, and hemangioma involving the choroid and retina. This review aimed to elucidate the possible origins of neovascular membranes by examining in vivo and in vitro models compared to real clinical cases. Among the several potential mechanisms examined, particular attention was paid to histologic alterations and molecular cascades. Physical or biochemical resistance to vascular invasion from the choroid offered by Bruch's membrane, the role of fibroblast growth factor 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor, resident or recruited stem-like/progenitor cells, and other angiogenic promoters were taken into account. Even if the exact mechanisms are still partially obscure, experimental models are progressively enhancing our understanding of neovascularization etiology. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) over melanoma, osteoma, and other tumors is not rare and is not contraindicative of malignancy as previously believed. In addition, CNV may represent a late complication of either benign or malignant choroidal tumors, stressing the importance of a long follow-up.
脉络膜新生血管在历史上与渗出性黄斑变性有关，但也观察到脉络膜和视网膜的痣、黑色素瘤、骨瘤和血管瘤中存在脉络膜新生血管。本综述旨在通过比较体内和体外模型与真实临床病例，阐明新生血管膜的可能起源。在检查的几个潜在机制中，特别关注组织学改变和分子级联反应。Bruch 膜为脉络膜的血管入侵提供了物理或生化抵抗，成纤维细胞生长因子 2 和血管内皮生长因子、固有或募集的干细胞样/祖细胞以及其他血管生成促进剂的作用都被考虑在内。即使确切的机制仍部分不清楚，但实验模型正在逐步增强我们对新生血管发生病因的理解。脉络膜新生血管（CNV）在黑色素瘤、骨瘤和其他肿瘤上并不罕见，并且不像以前认为的那样提示恶性肿瘤。此外，CNV 可能是良性或恶性脉络膜肿瘤的晚期并发症，强调了长期随访的重要性。
