Epidemiology of Species Bloodstream Infection in Queensland, Australia: Association with Regional and Climate Zones.

species can cause severe bloodstream infection (BSI) however, few studies have examined their epidemiology in non-selected populations. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence and determinants of species BSI in Queensland, Australia. A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted during 2000-2019. species BSI were identified by laboratory surveillance and clinical and outcome information through data linkages to statewide databases. A total of 407 incident species BSI were identified with an age- and sex-standardized incidence of 5.2 per million residents annually. No trend in annual incidence rate during two decades of surveillance was demonstrated. Significant variable monthly occurrences were observed with highest rates during warmer, wetter months, and lowest rates during winter and dry periods. There was significant variability in incidence accordingly to region and climate zones, with higher rates observed in tropical north regions and lowest in southeastern corner. The highest incidence was observed in very remote and hot areas in Queensland. Cases were infrequent in children and risk was highest in elderly and males. Seventy-eight patients died within 30 days with a case-fatality rate of 19%. Older age, non-focal infection, higher Charlson score, and monomicrobial bacteremia were independent risk factors for death. Demographic and climatic changes may increase the burden of these infections in future years.