Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Viruses. 2022 Dec 24;15(1):52. doi: 10.3390/v15010052.
Early innate viral recognition by the host is critical for the rapid response and subsequent clearance of an infection. Innate immune cells patrol sites of infection to detect and respond to invading microorganisms including viruses. Surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can be activated by viruses even before the host cell becomes infected. However, the early activation of surface TLRs by viruses can lead to viral clearance by the host or promote pathogenesis. Thus, a plethora of research has attempted to identify specific viral ligands that bind to surface TLRs and mediate progression of viral infection. Herein, we will discuss the past two decades of research that have identified specific viral proteins recognized by cell surface-associated TLRs, how these viral proteins and host surface TLR interactions affect the host inflammatory response and outcome of infection, and address why controversy remains regarding host surface TLR recognition of viral proteins.
宿主对早期固有病毒的识别对于快速响应和随后清除感染至关重要。固有免疫细胞在感染部位巡逻，以检测和响应包括病毒在内的入侵微生物。表面 Toll 样受体 (TLR) 是一组模式识别受体 (PRR)，甚至在宿主细胞感染之前，病毒就可以激活它们。然而，病毒对表面 TLR 的早期激活可导致宿主清除病毒或促进发病机制。因此，大量研究试图确定与细胞表面相关的 TLR 结合并介导病毒感染进展的特定病毒配体。在此，我们将讨论过去二十年的研究，这些研究确定了细胞表面相关 TLR 识别的特定病毒蛋白，这些病毒蛋白和宿主表面 TLR 相互作用如何影响宿主炎症反应和感染结局，并探讨为什么宿主表面 TLR 对病毒蛋白的识别仍然存在争议。
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