Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India.
Forest Protection Division, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) - Arid Forest Research Institute (ICFRE-AFRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Front Immunol. 2023 Aug 24;14:1169152. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169152. eCollection 2023.
Multicellular organisms are constantly subjected to pathogens that might be harmful. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they possess highly effective anti-infective mechanisms. Bacterial phagocytosis and parasite encapsulation are some forms of cellular responses. Insects often defend themselves against infections through a humoral response. This phenomenon includes the secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Specific receptors for detecting infection are required for the recognition of foreign pathogens such as the proteins that recognize glucans and peptidoglycans, together referred to as PGRPs and βGRPs. Activation of these receptors leads to the stimulation of signaling pathways which further activates the genes encoding for antimicrobial peptides. Some instances of such pathways are the JAK-STAT, Imd, and Toll. The host immune response that frequently accompanies infections has, however, been circumvented by diseases, which may have assisted insects evolve their own complicated immune systems. The role of ncRNAs in insect immunology has been discussed in several notable studies and reviews. This paper examines the most recent research on the immune regulatory function of ncRNAs during insect-pathogen crosstalk, including insect- and pathogen-encoded miRNAs and lncRNAs, and provides an overview of the important insect signaling pathways and effector mechanisms activated by diverse pathogen invaders.
多细胞生物经常受到可能有害的病原体的侵袭。尽管昆虫缺乏适应性免疫系统，但它们拥有非常有效的抗感染机制。细菌吞噬和寄生虫包裹是一些细胞反应的形式。昆虫通常通过体液反应来抵御感染。这种现象包括将抗菌肽分泌到血淋巴中。识别外来病原体（如识别葡聚糖和肽聚糖的蛋白质）需要特定的受体，这些受体统称为 PGRPs 和 βGRPs。这些受体的激活会导致信号通路的刺激，从而进一步激活编码抗菌肽的基因。这些途径的一些例子是 JAK-STAT、Imd 和 Toll。然而，宿主伴随感染的免疫反应被疾病所规避，这可能有助于昆虫进化出自己复杂的免疫系统。ncRNAs 在昆虫免疫学中的作用在一些著名的研究和综述中已经得到了讨论。本文研究了 ncRNAs 在昆虫-病原体互作过程中免疫调节功能的最新研究，包括昆虫和病原体编码的 miRNAs 和 lncRNAs，并概述了不同病原体入侵激活的重要昆虫信号通路和效应机制。
