Teoh Ai Ni, Kaur Satvinder, Shafie Siti Raihanah, Mohd Shukri Nurul Husna, Ahmad Bustami Normina, Takahashi Masaki, Shibata Shigenobu
Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Front Nutr. 2023 Jan 6;9:1078086. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1078086. eCollection 2022.
Chrononutrition has been suggested to have an entrainment effect on circadian rhythm which is crucial for metabolic health. Investigating how chrononutrition affects maternal circadian rhythm can shed light on its role during pregnancy. This study aims to determine chrononutrition characteristics of healthy primigravida during pregnancy and its association with melatonin and cortisol rhythm across gestation. A total of 70 healthy primigravidas were recruited from ten randomly selected government maternal and child clinics in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. During the second and third trimesters, chrononutrition characteristics including meal timing, frequency, eating window, breakfast skipping, and late-night eating were determined using a 3-day food record. Pregnant women provided salivary samples at five time-points over a 24 h period for melatonin and cortisol assay. Consistently across the second and third trimesters, both melatonin and cortisol showed a rhythmic change over the day. Melatonin levels displayed an increment toward the night whilst cortisol levels declined over the day. Majority observed a shorter eating window (≤12 h) during the second and third trimesters (66 and 55%, respectively). Results showed 23 and 28% skipped breakfast whereas 45 and 37% ate within 2 h pre-bedtime. During the third trimester, a longer eating window was associated with lower melatonin mean (β = -0.40, = 0.006), peak (β = -0.42, = 0.006), and AUC (β = -0.44, = 0.003). During both trimesters, a lower awakening cortisol level was observed in pregnant women who skipped breakfast (β = -0.33, = 0.029; β = -0.29, = 0.044). Only during the second trimester, breakfast-skipping was significantly associated with a greater cortisol amplitude (β = 0.43, = 0.003). Findings suggest that certain chrononutrition components, particularly eating window and breakfast skipping have a significant influence on maternal melatonin and cortisol rhythm. Dietary intervention targeting these characteristics may be useful in maintaining maternal circadian rhythm.
时间营养学被认为对昼夜节律具有同步效应，而昼夜节律对代谢健康至关重要。研究时间营养学如何影响孕妇的昼夜节律可以揭示其在孕期的作用。本研究旨在确定健康初产妇孕期的时间营养学特征及其与整个孕期褪黑素和皮质醇节律的关联。从马来西亚吉隆坡随机选取的十家政府母婴诊所招募了70名健康初产妇。在孕中期和孕晚期，使用3天食物记录确定包括用餐时间、频率、进食窗口、不吃早餐和夜间进食在内的时间营养学特征。孕妇在24小时内的五个时间点提供唾液样本用于检测褪黑素和皮质醇。在孕中期和孕晚期一致地，褪黑素和皮质醇在一天中均呈现节律性变化。褪黑素水平在夜间升高，而皮质醇水平在白天下降。大多数人在孕中期和孕晚期观察到较短的进食窗口（≤12小时）（分别为66%和55%）。结果显示，23%和28%的人不吃早餐，而45%和37%的人在睡前2小时内进食。在孕晚期，较长的进食窗口与较低的褪黑素平均值（β = -0.40，P = 0.006）、峰值（β = -0.42，P = 0.006）和曲线下面积（β = -0.44，P = 0.003）相关。在两个孕期，不吃早餐的孕妇觉醒时的皮质醇水平较低（β = -0.33，P = 0.029；β = -0.29，P = 0.044）。仅在孕中期，不吃早餐与更大的皮质醇振幅显著相关（β = 0.43，P = 0.003）。研究结果表明，某些时间营养学成分，特别是进食窗口和不吃早餐，对孕妇的褪黑素和皮质醇节律有显著影响。针对这些特征的饮食干预可能有助于维持孕妇的昼夜节律。
