Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA; email:
Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
Annu Rev Entomol. 2023 Jan 23;68:341-361. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120120-102849.
The use of the functional feeding group-damage type system for analyzing arthropod and pathogen interactions with plants has transformed our understanding of herbivory in fossil plant assemblages by providing data, analyses, and interpretation of the local, regional, and global patterns of a 420-Myr history. The early fossil record can be used to answer major questions about the oldest evidence for herbivory, the early emergence of herbivore associations on land plants, and later expansion on seed plants. The subsequent effects of the Permian-Triassic ecological crisis on herbivore diversity, the resulting formation of biologically diverse herbivore communities on gymnosperms, and major shifts in herbivory ensuing from initial angiosperm diversification are additional issues that need to be addressed. Studies ofherbivory resulting from more recent transient spikes and longer-term climate trends provide important data that are applied to current global change and include herbivore community responses to latitude, altitude, and habitat. Ongoing paleoecological themes remaining to be addressed include the antiquity of modern interactions, differential herbivory between ferns and angiosperms, and origins of modern tropical forests. The expansion of databases that include a multitude of specimens; improvements in sampling strategies; development of new analytical methods; and, importantly, the ability to address conceptually stimulating ecological and evolutionary questions have provided new impetus in this rapidly advancing field.
功能摄食群-损伤类型系统在分析节肢动物和病原体与植物的相互作用方面的应用，通过提供 4.2 亿年历史的局部、区域和全球模式的数据、分析和解释，改变了我们对化石植物组合中食草作用的理解。早期的化石记录可以用来回答关于食草作用的最古老证据、陆地植物上食草动物关联的早期出现以及后来在种子植物上的扩展的主要问题。随后，二叠纪-三叠纪生态危机对食草动物多样性的影响、生物多样性的食草动物群落在裸子植物上的形成，以及被子植物最初多样化所导致的食草作用的重大转变，都是需要解决的额外问题。对最近短暂激增和长期气候趋势导致的食草作用的研究提供了重要数据，这些数据被应用于当前的全球变化，包括食草动物群落对纬度、海拔和栖息地的反应。仍然需要解决的正在进行的古生态学主题包括现代相互作用的古老性、蕨类植物和被子植物之间的差异食草作用以及现代热带森林的起源。包括大量标本的数据库的扩展；改进的取样策略；新分析方法的发展；以及重要的是，解决概念上有启发性的生态和进化问题的能力，为这个快速发展的领域提供了新的动力。
