School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
J Strength Cond Res. 2023 Feb 1;37(2):494-536. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004329. Epub 2022 Nov 15.
Nuzzo, JL. Narrative review of sex differences in muscle strength, endurance, activation, size, fiber type, and strength training participation rates, preferences, motivations, injuries, and neuromuscular adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 494-536, 2023-Biological sex and its relation with exercise participation and sports performance continue to be discussed. Here, the purpose was to inform such discussions by summarizing the literature on sex differences in numerous strength training-related variables and outcomes-muscle strength and endurance, muscle mass and size, muscle fiber type, muscle twitch forces, and voluntary activation; strength training participation rates, motivations, preferences, and practices; and injuries and changes in muscle size and strength with strength training. Male subjects become notably stronger than female subjects around age 15 years. In adults, sex differences in strength are more pronounced in upper-body than lower-body muscles and in concentric than eccentric contractions. Greater male than female strength is not because of higher voluntary activation but to greater muscle mass and type II fiber areas. Men participate in strength training more frequently than women. Men are motivated more by challenge, competition, social recognition, and a desire to increase muscle size and strength. Men also have greater preference for competitive, high-intensity, and upper-body exercise. Women are motivated more by improved attractiveness, muscle "toning," and body mass management. Women have greater preference for supervised and lower-body exercise. Intrasexual competition, mate selection, and the drive for muscularity are likely fundamental causes of exercise behaviors in men and women. Men and women increase muscle size and strength after weeks of strength training, but women experience greater relative strength improvements depending on age and muscle group. Men exhibit higher strength training injury rates. No sex difference exists in strength loss and muscle soreness after muscle-damaging exercise.
努佐，JL。肌肉力量、耐力、激活、大小、纤维类型以及力量训练参与率、偏好、动机、损伤和神经肌肉适应性的性别差异的叙述性综述。J 强力量研究 37(2):494-536,2023-生物性别及其与运动参与和运动表现的关系仍在讨论中。在这里，目的是通过总结有关许多与力量训练相关的变量和结果的性别差异的文献，为这些讨论提供信息，这些变量和结果包括肌肉力量和耐力、肌肉质量和大小、肌肉纤维类型、肌肉抽搐力量和自愿激活；力量训练参与率、动机、偏好和实践；以及力量训练引起的损伤和肌肉大小和力量的变化。男性在 15 岁左右明显比女性强壮。在成年人中，力量训练中，上半身肌肉比下半身肌肉、向心收缩比离心收缩的性别差异更为明显。男性比女性力量更强，并不是因为更高的自愿激活，而是因为更大的肌肉质量和 II 型纤维面积。男性比女性更频繁地参加力量训练。男性更多地受到挑战、竞争、社会认可和增加肌肉大小和力量的愿望的激励。男性也更喜欢竞争性、高强度和上半身运动。女性更多地受到改善吸引力、肌肉“塑形”和身体质量管理的激励。女性更喜欢监督和下半身运动。同性竞争、择偶和肌肉发达的动力很可能是男性和女性运动行为的根本原因。男性和女性在几周的力量训练后都会增加肌肉大小和力量，但女性根据年龄和肌肉群的不同，会有更大的相对力量提高。男性的力量训练受伤率较高。在肌肉损伤运动后，力量损失和肌肉酸痛方面没有性别差异。
