Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Milan, Italy.
Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 9;13:1076167. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1076167. eCollection 2022.
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent vascular thrombosis and miscarriages in the absence of known causes. Antibodies against phospholipid-binding proteins (aPL) are pathogenic players in both clotting and pregnancy APS manifestations. There is sound evidence that antibodies specific for beta2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) trigger thrombotic and pregnancy complications by interacting with the molecule on the membranes of different cell types of the coagulation cascade, and in placenta tissues. In addition to the humoral response against β2GPI, both peripheral and tissue CD4 β2GPI-specific T cells have been reported in primary APS as well as in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated APS. While adaptive immunity plays a clear role in APS, it is still debated whether innate immunity is involved as well. Acute systemic inflammation does not seem to be present in the syndrome, however, there is sound evidence that complement activation is crucial in animal models and can be found also in patients. Furthermore, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been documented in arterial and venous thrombi with different etiology, including clots in APS models. Keeping in mind that β2GPI is a pleiotropic glycoprotein, acting as scavenger molecule for infectious agents and apoptotic/damaged body constituents and that self-molecules externalized through NETs formation may become immunogenic autoantigens, we demonstrated β2GPI on NETs, and its ability to stimulate CD4β2GPI-specific T cells. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role of β2GPI in the cross-talk between the innate and adaptive immunity in APS.
抗磷脂综合征 (APS) 是一种全身性自身免疫性疾病,其特征是在没有已知原因的情况下反复发生血管血栓形成和流产。针对磷脂结合蛋白的抗体 (aPL) 是凝血和妊娠 APS 表现中致病的参与者。有充分的证据表明,针对β2 糖蛋白 I (β2GPI) 的抗体通过与凝血级联不同细胞类型的膜上的分子以及胎盘组织中的分子相互作用,触发血栓形成和妊娠并发症。除了针对β2GPI 的体液反应外,原发性 APS 以及系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE) 相关的 APS 中均已报道外周和组织 CD4 β2GPI 特异性 T 细胞。虽然适应性免疫在 APS 中发挥了明确的作用,但关于固有免疫是否也参与其中仍存在争议。急性全身炎症似乎不存在于该综合征中,但是有充分的证据表明补体激活在动物模型中至关重要,并且也可以在患者中发现。此外,中性粒细胞胞外陷阱 (NETs) 已在不同病因的动脉和静脉血栓中得到证实,包括 APS 模型中的血栓。考虑到β2GPI 是一种多功能糖蛋白,作为传染性病原体和凋亡/受损身体成分的清除分子,并且通过 NETs 形成外化的自身分子可能成为免疫原性自身抗原,我们证明了 NETs 上的β2GPI 及其刺激 CD4β2GPI 特异性 T 细胞的能力。本文综述的目的是阐明β2GPI 在 APS 中固有免疫和适应性免疫之间的相互作用中的作用。