The ecological consequences of the timing of extreme climate events.

Climate change is increasing the intensity, duration, and frequency of extreme climate events (ECEs). These ECEs can have major ecological consequences, e.g., changing nutrient flows, causing extirpation, and altering organismal development. Many ECEs are discrete events that occur at distinctive times during the biological processes they impact. Because of this, ECEs are likely to have differing ecological impacts depending on when they happen, yet we lack on studies that explore how the ecological consequences of ECEs vary with when they occur. Drawing upon evidence from physiological, population, and community ecology, and previous work on ecological disturbances, we suggest that the consequences of ECEs will be sensitive to when they occur. We illustrate the importance of timing by showing how the effects of an ECE could vary depending on when it occurs through the course of (1) organismal ontogeny, (2) population dynamics, and (3) community assembly. An enhanced focus on the timing of extreme weather in climate change research will reveal how and when ECEs are altering ecosystems, possible mechanisms behind these impacts, and what ecosystems or species are most vulnerable to ECEs, helping us to make more informed predictions about the ecological consequences of climate change.