基于年龄和任务的音乐者在言语感知中优势的差异。
Differences in a Musician's Advantage for Speech-in-Speech Perception Based on Age and Task.
机构信息
Phonetics Lab, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Davis.
出版信息
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2023 Feb 13;66(2):545-564. doi: 10.1044/2022_JSLHR-22-00259. Epub 2023 Feb 2.
PURPOSE
This study investigates the debate that musicians have an advantage in speech-in-noise perception from years of targeted auditory training. We also consider the effect of age on any such advantage, comparing musicians and nonmusicians (age range: 18-66 years), all of whom had normal hearing. We manipulate the degree of fundamental frequency ( ) separation between the competing talkers, as well as use different tasks, to probe attentional differences that might shape a musician's advantage across ages.
METHOD
Participants (ranging in age from 18 to 66 years) included 29 musicians and 26 nonmusicians. They completed two tasks varying in attentional demands: (a) a selective attention task where listeners identify the target sentence presented with a one-talker interferer (Experiment 1), and (b) a divided attention task where listeners hear two vowels played simultaneously and identify both competing vowels (Experiment 2). In both paradigms, separation was manipulated between the two voices (Δ = 0, 0.156, 0.306, 1, 2, 3 semitones).
RESULTS
Results show that increasing differences in separation lead to higher accuracy on both tasks. Additionally, we find evidence for a musician's advantage across the two studies. In the sentence identification task, younger adult musicians show higher accuracy overall, as well as a stronger reliance on separation. Yet, this advantage declines with musicians' age. In the double vowel identification task, musicians of all ages show an across-the-board advantage in detecting two vowels-and use separation more to aid in stream separation-but show no consistent difference in double vowel identification.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, we find support for a hybrid of music-to-speech transfer. The musician's advantage includes , but the benefit also depends on the attentional demands in the task and listeners' age. Taken together, this study suggests a complex relationship between age, musical experience, and speech-in-speech paradigm on a musician's advantage.
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
目的
本研究探讨了多年有针对性的听觉训练使音乐家在言语感知方面具有优势的争议。我们还考虑了年龄对任何此类优势的影响，将音乐家和非音乐家（年龄范围：18-66 岁）进行了比较，他们的听力均正常。我们操纵竞争说话者之间的基频（）分离程度，并使用不同的任务来探究注意力差异，这些差异可能会形成音乐家在不同年龄段的优势。
方法
参与者（年龄从 18 岁到 66 岁）包括 29 名音乐家和 26 名非音乐家。他们完成了两个任务，这两个任务在注意力需求上有所不同：（a）选择性注意任务，在该任务中，听众识别带有一个说话者干扰的目标句子（实验 1），和（b）分散注意任务，在该任务中，听众同时听到两个元音并识别两个竞争元音（实验 2）。在这两种范式中，都在两个声音之间操纵（）分离（Δ=0、0.156、0.306、1、2、3 个半音）。
结果
结果表明，随着分离程度的增加，两个任务的准确性都有所提高。此外，我们发现了音乐家在两个研究中存在优势的证据。在句子识别任务中，年轻成年音乐家的整体准确性更高，并且对分离的依赖性更强。然而，这种优势随着音乐家年龄的增长而下降。在双元音识别任务中，所有年龄段的音乐家在检测两个元音时都表现出明显的优势，并且更依赖于来帮助分离声道，但在双元音识别方面没有一致的差异。
结论
总的来说，我们支持音乐到言语的转移是一种混合模型。音乐家的优势包括分离，但优势还取决于任务的注意力需求和听众的年龄。综上所述，这项研究表明，年龄、音乐经验和言语内言语范式之间的关系复杂，对音乐家的优势有影响。
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