Albrecht Sophie C, Leineweber Constanze, Kecklund Göran, Tucker Philip
Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
School of Psychology, Swansea University, UK.
Scand J Public Health. 2024 Mar;52(2):205-215. doi: 10.1177/14034948221150041. Epub 2023 Feb 2.
Employee-based flexible working hours are increasing, particularly among knowledge workers. Research indicates that women and men use work-time control (WTC; control over time off and daily hours) differently: while men work longer paid hours, women use WTC to counteract work-life interference. In a knowledge-worker sample, we examined associations between WTC and overtime, work-life interference and exhaustion and tested whether gender moderates the mediating role of overtime.
The sample contained 2248 Swedish knowledge workers. Employing hierarchical regression modelling, we examined effects of control over time off/daily hours on subsequent overtime hours, work-life interference and exhaustion in general and in gender-stratified samples. Using conditional process analysis, we tested moderated mediation models.
Control over time off was related to less work-life interference (β= -0.117; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.237 to 0.003; β= -0.253; 95% CI: -0.386 to -0.120) and lower exhaustion (β= -0.199; 95% CI: -0.347 to -0.051; β= -0.271; 95% CI: -0.443 to -0.100). For control over daily hours, estimates were close to zero. While men worked more overtime (42 min/week), we could not confirm gender moderating the indirect effect of control over time off/daily hours on work-life interference/exhaustion via overtime. Independent of gender, effects of control over time off on work-life interference were partly explained by working fewer overtime hours.
Control over time off was related to lower exhaustion and better work-life balance (in particular for women). We found no evidence for men's work-life interference increasing with higher WTC owing to working more overtime. Knowledge workers' control over time off may help prevent work-life interference and burnout.
基于员工的灵活工作时间正在增加，尤其是在知识工作者中。研究表明，男性和女性对工作时间控制（WTC；对休假时间和每日工作时长的控制）的使用方式不同：虽然男性的带薪工作时长更长，但女性利用工作时间控制来抵消工作与生活的冲突。在一个知识工作者样本中，我们研究了工作时间控制与加班、工作与生活的冲突以及疲惫之间的关联，并测试了性别是否调节加班的中介作用。
样本包括2248名瑞典知识工作者。采用分层回归模型，我们研究了对休假时间/每日工作时长的控制对后续加班时长、工作与生活的冲突以及疲惫的影响，总体样本和按性别分层的样本均进行了研究。使用条件过程分析，我们测试了调节中介模型。
对休假时间的控制与较少的工作与生活冲突（β = -0.117；95%置信区间（CI）：-0.237至0.003；β = -0.253；95%CI：-0.386至-0.120）和较低的疲惫感（β = -0.199；95%CI：-0.347至-0.051；β = -0.271；95%CI：-0.443至-0.100）相关。对于对每日工作时长的控制，估计值接近零。虽然男性加班更多（每周42分钟），但我们无法证实性别调节了对休假时间/每日工作时长通过加班对工作与生活冲突/疲惫的间接影响。无论性别如何，对休假时间的控制对工作与生活冲突的影响部分是由加班时长减少所解释的。
对休假时间的控制与较低的疲惫感和更好的工作与生活平衡相关（特别是对女性而言）。我们没有发现证据表明男性由于加班更多，其工作与生活冲突会随着更高的工作时间控制而增加。知识工作者对休假时间的控制可能有助于防止工作与生活的冲突和倦怠。
